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Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Endocrine system function
    A slow-acting control system that influences metabolic activity using hormones as chemical messengers circulated in the blood to target cells.
  • Differences between hormonal and neural controls
    Hormonal control is slower but longer-lasting, using blood-borne hormones; neural control is fast and short-lived via nerve impulses.
  • Hormones vs paracrines vs autocrines
    Hormones act at a distance via blood; paracrines act locally on nearby cells; autocrines act on the same cell that secreted them.
  • Chemical classification of hormones
    Hormones are classified by water solubility into amino acid-based, steroids, and eicosanoids.
  • Major effects hormones produce on target cells
    Hormones can alter membrane permeability, stimulate protein synthesis, activate/inactivate enzymes, induce secretion, or stimulate mitosis.
  • Mechanism of water-soluble hormone action
    Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors, activate G proteins, stimulate adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP, and activate protein kinases.
  • Mechanism of lipid-soluble hormone action
    Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through membranes, bind intracellular receptors, attach to DNA, and activate gene transcription for new protein synthesis.
  • Hormonal regulation method
    Most hormone synthesis and release are controlled by negative feedback to maintain blood hormone levels within narrow ranges.
  • Types of endocrine gland stimuli
    Hormone release is triggered by humoral (blood chemical changes), neural (nerve signals), and hormonal (other hormones) stimuli.
  • Hypothalamus role in endocrine system
    A neuroendocrine organ that regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland via the infundibulum.
  • Posterior pituitary hormones
    Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.
  • Anterior pituitary hormones
    Includes Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), FSH, LH, Prolactin, and MSH.
  • Growth Hormone disorders
    Pituitary dwarfism (deficiency), gigantism (excess in children), and acromegaly (excess in adults).
  • Thyroid gland location and hormones
    Located anterior neck on trachea; produces Thyroid Hormone (T4) and Calcitonin.
  • Thyroid hormone disorders
    Myxedema (hypothyroidism), Graves’ disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism with exophthalmos), and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
  • Calcitonin function
    Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates bone reabsorption to lower blood calcium.
  • Parathyroid hormone effects
    Increases osteoclast activity, intestinal calcium absorption, and kidney calcium reabsorption.
  • Parathyroid disorders
    Hyperparathyroidism causes kidney stones; hypoparathyroidism causes neuron excitability, tetany, and convulsions.
  • Adrenal gland structure and hormones
    Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine; adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.
  • Mineralocorticoids function
    Save sodium and water, and promote potassium loss to regulate electrolyte and fluid balance.
  • Glucocorticoids role
    Help the body manage long-term stress by regulating metabolism and immune response.
  • Pineal gland hormone and function
    Produces melatonin, which regulates diurnal rhythms and affects puberty timing.
  • Pancreas endocrine hormones
    Glucagon raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen; insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake.
  • Diabetes mellitus types and symptoms
    Type I (insulin deficiency) and Type II (insulin resistance); symptoms include polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.
  • Gonadal hormones
    Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone; testes produce testosterone.
  • Placenta as endocrine organ
    Temporary endocrine organ producing hormones to support pregnancy.