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Endocrine System and Hormones - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Adrenal cortex
    The outer region of the adrenal gland that produces corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.
  • Adrenal medulla
    The inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines, chiefly epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE).
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
    A hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids.
  • Amino acid based hormone
    Water-soluble, nonsteroid hormones that act via second messenger systems like cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  • Steroid/lipid-soluble hormone
    Hormones derived from cholesterol that can cross cell membranes and act on intracellular receptors.
  • Androgens
    Male sex hormones chiefly testosterone, produced mainly by the gonads and adrenal cortex.
  • Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)
    The front lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes tropic hormones like ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, and TSH.
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin
    A hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water retention by the kidneys.
  • Calcitonin (CT)
    A hormone from the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
  • Catecholamines
    Hormones from the adrenal medulla, mainly epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE), involved in the fight-or-flight response.
  • Corticosteroids
    Steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
    A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.
  • Down-regulation
    A decrease in receptor numbers on target cells in response to high hormone levels, reducing sensitivity.
  • Up-regulation
    An increase in receptor numbers on target cells in response to low hormone levels, increasing sensitivity.
  • Endocrine glands
    Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    A gonadotropin from the anterior pituitary that stimulates gamete production in ovaries and testes.
  • Glucagon
    A hormone from the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown.
  • Glucocorticoids
    Corticosteroids like cortisol that regulate metabolism and help the body respond to stress.
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
    A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.
  • Growth hormone (GH) / somatropin
    An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates body growth and metabolism.
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
    A hormone produced by the placenta that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.
  • Insulin
    A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage.
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
    A gonadotropin from the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production.
  • Mineralocorticoids
    Corticosteroids like aldosterone that regulate electrolyte and water balance.
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    A hormone from the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.
  • Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
    The back lobe of the pituitary gland that stores and releases ADH and oxytocin.
  • Second messenger mechanism (cAMP)
    A signaling pathway where hormones activate receptors that produce cyclic AMP to trigger cellular responses.
  • Thyroid hormone (TH)
    Hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that regulate metabolism and growth.
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.