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Endocrine System and Hormones - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Define Ligand

    A ligand is a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor to trigger a biological response.

  • Where are hormones secreted into?

    Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine hormones

    Endocrine hormones are secreted into the bloodstream; exocrine hormones are secreted into ducts leading to body surfaces or cavities.

  • How are the endocrine and nervous systems similar and different?

    Both regulate body functions; the nervous system acts faster via electrical signals, while the endocrine system uses slower chemical hormone signals.

  • What are the three different signaling pathways?

    1. Endocrine: hormones travel through blood to distant targets.
    2. Paracrine: signals affect nearby cells.
    3. Autocrine: signals affect the same cell that secreted them.

  • Name the 7 primary endocrine organs

    Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Adrenal glands, Pancreas.

  • Examples of secondary endocrine organs and their hormones

    Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), Kidneys (erythropoietin), Gonads (estrogen, testosterone), Adipose tissue (leptin).

  • What is a neuroendocrine organ?

    An organ that has both nervous and endocrine functions, such as the hypothalamus, which secretes neurohormones.

  • How can cancers affect hormone secretion?

    Cancers or tumors can cause over secretion of hormones, disrupting normal endocrine balance.

  • Compare the 3 classes of hormones

    1. Peptide hormones: water-soluble, act on membrane receptors.
    2. Steroid hormones: lipid-soluble, act on intracellular receptors.
    3. Amino acid derivatives: vary in solubility and receptor location.

  • Which hormones travel freely in the blood?

    Hydrophilic hormones like peptides and amino acid derivatives travel freely in the blood without carriers.

  • Effect of protein complexes on hormone lifespan

    Binding to carrier proteins increases hormone half-life by protecting them from degradation.

  • Where are hormone receptors found?

    Receptors are found on the cell membrane for hydrophilic hormones and in the cytosol or nucleus for hydrophobic hormones.

  • Are hormone receptors broad or specific?

    Hormone receptors are generally highly specific to their hormone ligands.

  • Which two hormone classes are produced in the hypothalamus?

    The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that regulate the pituitary gland.

  • Can hydrophilic molecules cross the plasma membrane?

    No, hydrophilic molecules cannot easily cross the lipid plasma membrane and bind to surface receptors.

  • What type of hormones bind to cytosolic receptors?

    Hydrophobic hormones like steroids bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleus.

  • Define Upregulation

    Upregulation is the increase in receptor number on a cell, enhancing sensitivity to a hormone.

  • Define Downregulation

    Downregulation is the decrease in receptor number, reducing cell sensitivity to a hormone.

  • Define half-life of a hormone

    The half-life is the time it takes for half the amount of hormone in the blood to be degraded or eliminated.

  • Which hormones typically have a longer half-life, hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

    Hydrophobic hormones usually have longer half-lives due to binding with carrier proteins.