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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Their Functions

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  • Nucleus
    The control center of the cell that stores DNA and coordinates growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
  • Ribosomes
    Tiny molecular machines that build proteins by linking amino acids; found free in cytoplasm or on rough ER.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
    Studded with ribosomes; helps synthesize and transport proteins within the cell.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
    Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
  • Golgi Apparatus
    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery inside or outside the cell.
  • Mitochondria
    Known as the cell's powerhouse; generates ATP energy through cellular respiration.
  • Lysosomes
    Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste, old organelles, and foreign substances; mainly in animal cells.
  • Peroxisomes
    Organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
  • Vacuoles
    Storage organelles; plant cells have a large central vacuole for water and nutrients, animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
  • Chloroplasts
    Found in plant cells; sites of photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
  • Cell Wall
    A rigid structure in plant cells made of cellulose that provides structure and protection.
  • Cell Membrane
    A flexible barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
  • Cytoskeleton
    A network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) that provide shape, support, and movement inside the cell.
  • Difference between plant and animal cell organelles
    Plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls; animal cells have more lysosomes.
  • Are ribosomes membrane-bound?
    No, ribosomes are not surrounded by membranes and are found in all cells.