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Exam 1

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (47)

  • Enzymes

    Def? 3 steps involved in enzyme action?

    Biological catalyst made of globular proteins

    Important: Speeds up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy

    3 steps

    1) Substrate binding

    2) Catalytic transition

    3) Product release

  • Levels of structural organization

    Chemical, cellular, tisse, organ, organ system, organism

  • Carbohydrates

    Animals: stored as glycogen in muscles; Liver

    Plant: stored as starch for energy; cellulose for structure

    Mono-, Di-, & Poly-, sacharides

    Formed: linked together by dehydration synthesis

    Breakdown: Split apart by hydrolosis

  • Levels of organization of proteins

    Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

  • Plasma membrane general function

    Form boundaries, Control permeability, allow cell signaling

  • Lipids

    Triglycerides: Saturated vs. Unsaturated

    Phospholipids: polar heads & nonpolar tails (form plasma membrane)

    Steroids: cholesterol, vitamin D, hormones

  • Plasma membrane structure

    Hydrophilic: Heads face the watery environment (inner, outer)

    Hydrophobic: Tails hide in the center

  • Hydrolysis requirement

    Consumes one water molecule per bond

  • Define homeostasis

    Negative/Positive feedback

    Body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions

    P: Output enhances or intensifies the original stimulus: blood clotting, Labor contractions

    N: Output shuts off or reduces the original stimulus to return to a set point: body temp, blood sugar regulation

  • Element

    Pure substance unchangeable by ordinary chemistry

  • Functions necessary for life

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, digestion, excretion, and growth

  • ATP

    The primary chemical energy currency to power life process inside cells

  • Hydrolysis

    Chemical reaction breaking polymer bonds apart

  • 3 types of mixture

    Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures with microscopic, non-settling solutes

    Colloids: Heterogeneous, translucent mixtures with non-settling solutes

    Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures with large, settling solute

  • Proteins

    Built from amino acid monomers

  • Mono/Di/Poly

    Sacharides

    Mono: simple single sugars like glucose

    Di: Double sugars like sucrose

    Poly: Long sugars chain like starch

  • Passive transport

    (membrane)

    Simple diffusion: Small non-polar solutes pass through the lipid bilayer

    Facilitated diffusion: Moves with the help of proteins

    Osmosis: Water moves through a selectively permeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solutes

  • Organic compounds

    Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Nucleic acids

  • Atom

    Smallest functional unit of a element

  • Proton

    Positively charged particle inside atomic nuclei

  • Dehydration synthesis

    Chemial reaction linking monomers together

  • Energy

    The capacity to perform physical work

  • Acids

    Ionizes into H+ & a negative ion (anion)

  • Monomers

    Small, single moleculr building blocks

  • Neutron

    Uncharged neutral particle inside atomic nuclei

  • Active Transport (membrane)

    Primary: energy derived directly from splitting ATP moves ions across

    Secondary: kinetic energy of 1 substance moving down

    Vesicular: large materials move across the membrane wrapped inside a sac called vesicles

  • Chemsitry Def

    Scientific study of matter, its properties & how it interacts & charges

  • Isotope

    Element valency with a differing neutron count

  • Bases

    Ionizes into OH- & a positive ion (cation)

  • Dehydration by Byproduct

    Releases one water molecule per bond

  • Proteins within the plasma membrane

    Integral proteins: embedded directly into the lipid bilayer

    Peripheral proteins: loosely attached to either the inner or outer surface of the membrane

  • Polymers

    Large molecules made of repeating monomers

  • Salt

    Ionizes into anions & cations but is not H+ or OH-

  • DNA vs. RNA

    Similarity: Both nucleic acids are made up of repeating units called nucleotids

    Differences

    DNA- lacks one oxygen atom & is very stable

    RNA- has an extra oxygen/hydrogen group, but is more reactive & easily broken down

  • Water

    Solvent properties, reactant, high heat capacity, vaporization, cushioning agent

  • Inorganic Compounds

    Water, acids, bases, salt, PH: acid/base concentration

  • Properties of chemical bonds

    Ionic Bonds: Electrostatic attraction following complete electron transfer

    Covalent bonds: Strong molecular bonds via shared electrons

    Hydrogen bonds: Weak attractions between polar dipoles containing hydrogen

  • Fibrous Proteins

    Strand-like, structural & water-insoluble molecules

    Ex: collagen, keratin, elastin

  • Matter

    Anything possessing mass & occupying space

  • Types of cell junctions

    Tight Junctions: Interlocking

    Desmosomes: Button-like rivets that anchor cells together

    Gap Junctions: Fluid-filled pores

  • How does a decreasing PH affect acidity? Alkalinity?

    Acidity: Increases as PH goes down

    Alkalinity: Decreases as PH goes down

  • Electron

    Negatively charged particle orbiting the nuclei

  • Ion

    Charged atom from electron gain or loss

  • Globular Proteins

    Compact, spherical & water-soluble molecules Ex: Antibodies, Hemoglobin, enzymes

  • Nucleic Acids

    Large biomolecules that store & express genetic information in all living cells & viruses

  • PH: Acid?Base Concentration

    Acidic: PH value below 7

    Neutral: PH value exactly 7

    Basic (Alkaline): PH value above 7

  • How does an increasing PH affect acidity? Alkalinity?

    Acidity: Decreases as PH goes up

    Alkalinity: Increases as PH goes up