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Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis in Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What are the main fluid compartments in the body?

    The intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells and the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells, which includes plasma and interstitial fluid. Together, they make up total body water.

  • How do electrolyte concentrations differ between intracellular and extracellular fluids?

    ICF has high potassium (K+) and phosphate levels; ECF has high sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations.

  • What generates osmotic pressure in body fluids?

    Osmotic pressure is generated by solute concentration differences across membranes, causing water to move toward higher solute concentrations.

  • Compare hydrostatic and osmotic pressures in fluid movement.

    Hydrostatic pressure pushes water out of capillaries; osmotic pressure pulls water into capillaries based on solute concentration.

  • What are the main routes of water gain in the body?

    Water is gained through ingestion (drinking and food) and metabolic water produced by cellular respiration.

  • How does the body lose water?

    Water is lost via urine, feces, insensible loss (skin and lungs), and sweat.

  • What mechanisms regulate water intake?

    Thirst is regulated by the hypothalamus responding to increased plasma osmolarity and decreased blood volume.

  • How is water output regulated to maintain homeostasis?

    Kidneys adjust urine volume and concentration under hormonal control, mainly by antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

  • What causes dehydration and overhydration?

    Dehydration results from excessive water loss or insufficient intake; overhydration occurs from excess water intake or impaired excretion.

  • What are the primary functions of major electrolytes in body fluids?

    Electrolytes like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and phosphate ions regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and acid-base balance.

  • How is plasma electrolyte concentration hormonally regulated?

    Hormones like aldosterone regulate Na+ and K+ levels; parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates Ca2+ and phosphate.

  • How are calcium and phosphate ions regulated together?

    PTH increases blood Ca2+ by releasing it from bone and decreases phosphate reabsorption, balancing their levels.

  • What determines blood pH and how is it maintained?

    Blood pH depends on the balance of hydrogen ions (H+) and is maintained by buffer systems, respiratory control of CO2, and renal regulation of H+ and bicarbonate.

  • What are the main buffer systems in body fluids?

    The bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and protein buffers help stabilize pH by binding or releasing H+.

  • How do PCO2 and bicarbonate ions relate to blood pH?

    Increased PCO2 raises H+ concentration, lowering pH; bicarbonate ions act as a base to neutralize H+, raising pH.

  • What role does the respiratory system play in blood pH regulation?

    By adjusting breathing rate, the respiratory system controls CO2 levels, thus regulating blood pH; hyperventilation decreases CO2, raising pH.

  • How do kidneys regulate blood pH?

    Kidneys secrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate to correct pH imbalances, either acidifying or alkalinizing the blood.

  • What is compensation in acid-base balance?

    Compensation is the body's adjustment via respiratory or renal mechanisms to correct respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.

  • How does the cardiovascular system help maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?

    It adjusts blood pressure and flow to regulate fluid distribution and supports kidney function for electrolyte balance.

  • How does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes?

    It secretes hormones like ADH, aldosterone, and PTH to regulate water retention and electrolyte levels.

  • How does the urinary system maintain homeostasis of fluid volume and pH?

    By filtering blood, adjusting urine volume, and secreting or reabsorbing ions, the kidneys maintain fluid balance and acid-base homeostasis.