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GBIO150 Chapter 4 - Integumentary System

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  • What are the main functions of body membranes?
    Cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs.
  • What are the types of epithelial membranes?
    Cutaneous membranes (skin), mucous membranes, and serous membranes.
  • What is the cutaneous membrane?
    The skin, a dry membrane exposed to air, with a superficial keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and underlying dense connective tissue dermis.
  • Where are mucous membranes found and what is their function?
    Line body cavities open to the exterior (respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts) and are often adapted for absorption or secretion.
  • What layers compose mucous membranes?
    Surface epithelium (stratified squamous or simple columnar) resting on lamina propria (loose connective tissue).
  • What are serous membranes and their structure?
    Line body cavities closed to the exterior; occur in pairs with visceral layer covering organs and parietal layer lining cavity walls, separated by serous fluid.
  • Name the three specific serous membranes and their locations.
    Peritoneum (abdominal cavity), pleura (around lungs), and pericardium (around heart).
  • What is the synovial membrane and its function?
    A connective tissue membrane lining joint capsules and tendon sheaths; secretes lubricating synovial fluid.
  • What are the main components of the integumentary system?
    Skin (cutaneous membrane) and skin derivatives: sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails.
  • What are the primary functions of the skin?
    Protection, regulation of body temperature, excretion of wastes, synthesis of vitamin D, and sensory reception.
  • Describe the epidermis.
    The outermost layer of skin made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; contains keratinocytes producing keratin.
  • What is the dermis composed of?
    Dense connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and sensory receptors.
  • What is the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)?
    A layer beneath the dermis composed mostly of adipose tissue; anchors skin to underlying organs and insulates the body.
  • List the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial.
    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.
  • What is the role of melanocytes and melanin?
    Melanocytes produce melanin pigment in the stratum basale, which protects against UV radiation and determines skin color.
  • What are sebaceous glands and their function?
    Oil glands that produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair, prevent brittleness, and kill bacteria; activated at puberty.
  • What are the two types of sweat glands and their differences?
    Eccrine glands open directly to skin surface and regulate temperature; apocrine glands open into hair follicles and produce sweat with fatty acids.
  • What is the function of sweat?
    Helps dissipate heat, excretes waste, and inhibits bacterial growth due to its acidic nature.
  • What structures are associated with hair?
    Hair follicle, hair root, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.
  • What is the 'Rule of Nines' used for?
    A method to estimate the extent of burns by dividing the body into 11 areas, each representing about 9% of total body surface.
  • Describe the three degrees of burns.
    First-degree: epidermis damaged; second-degree: epidermis and upper dermis damaged with blisters; third-degree: entire skin layer destroyed.
  • When are burns considered critical?
    If over 25% of body has second-degree burns, over 10% has third-degree burns, or third-degree burns affect face, hands, or feet.
  • What are the types of skin cancer?
    Basal cell carcinoma (least malignant), squamous cell carcinoma (can metastasize), and malignant melanoma (most deadly).
  • What is the ABCD rule for melanoma detection?
    A = Asymmetry, B = Border irregularity, C = Color variation, D = Diameter larger than 6 mm.