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Hormone Mechanisms and Effects in Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (10)

  • What happens when a hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane?
    It activates a second-messenger system inside the cell, often involving G-proteins and enzymes like adenylate cyclase.
  • What is a G-protein?
    A membrane protein that binds GTP and transmits signals from hormone receptors to effector enzymes inside the cell.
  • List the 5 steps of the Adenylate Cyclase-cAMP system.
    1. Hormone binds receptor.
    2. Receptor activates G-protein.
    3. G-protein activates adenylate cyclase.
    4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.
    5. cAMP activates protein kinases to alter cell activity.
  • What is signal amplification in second-messenger systems?
    A single hormone molecule triggers the production of many second messenger molecules, greatly amplifying the signal inside the cell.
  • Which other enzyme can some G-proteins activate and what is its second messenger?
    Phospholipase C, which produces inositol triphosphate (IP3) as the second messenger.
  • What are the 3 steps hydrophobic hormones use in their mechanism?
    1. Diffuse through plasma membrane.
    2. Bind to intracellular receptors.
    3. Activate gene transcription to alter protein synthesis.
  • What are the 5 effects of hormones in the body?
    • Alter plasma membrane permeability or electrical state.
    • Stimulate synthesis of proteins or enzymes.
    • Activate or deactivate enzymes.
    • Induce secretory activity.
    • Stimulate mitosis.
  • What are the 3 ways hormones can interact?
    • Permissive effect: one hormone enhances another's effect.
    • Synergistic effect: hormones work together for greater effect.
    • Antagonistic effect: one hormone opposes another.
  • What are the 3 ways hormone secretion can be stimulated?
    • Humoral stimuli: changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients.
    • Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.
    • Hormonal stimuli: hormones stimulate other endocrine glands.
  • What are the 5 steps in a negative feedback loop for hormone regulation?
    1. Stimulus triggers hormone release.
    2. Hormone acts on target cells.
    3. Effect changes internal condition.
    4. Change detected by sensors.
    5. Hormone secretion decreases to restore balance.