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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Functions

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  • Where is the hypothalamus located?
    The hypothalamus is located in the brain below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland.
  • What tissue makes up the anterior pituitary?
    The anterior pituitary is made of glandular epithelial tissue.
  • What tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?
    The posterior pituitary is made of neural tissue.
  • Does the anterior pituitary make its own hormones?
    Yes, the anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes its own hormones.
  • Does the posterior pituitary make its own hormones?
    No, the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.
  • What venous system allows hypothalamic hormones to reach the anterior pituitary?
    The hypophyseal portal venous system transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
  • What tract allows hormones to leave the hypothalamus to be stored in the posterior pituitary?
    The hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract carries hormones to the posterior pituitary for storage.
  • Which two hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary?
    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
  • What is the primary function of ADH?
    ADH regulates water retention by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
  • What is oxytocin responsible for?
    Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
  • What effect would an ADH inhibitor have?
    An ADH inhibitor would decrease water reabsorption, leading to increased urine output and potential dehydration.
  • What is diabetes insipidus?
    Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by insufficient ADH activity, resulting in excessive urination and thirst.
  • What protein does ADH insert into nephron plasma membranes?
    ADH inserts aquaporin-2 water channels into the nephron's collecting duct membranes.
  • How do osmoreceptors respond to high solute concentration?
    High solute concentration stimulates osmoreceptors to increase ADH secretion.
  • Is the milk let-down reflex a positive or negative feedback loop?
    The milk let-down reflex is a positive feedback loop.
  • What are the three tiers in the negative feedback loop involving the anterior pituitary?
    The three tiers are: hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target endocrine gland.
  • Does the negative feedback loop inhibit one or multiple tiers?
    It inhibits multiple tiers, including the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
  • What are the short-term effects of growth hormone (GH)?
    Short-term effects include increased blood glucose and fatty acid levels.
  • What are the long-term effects of growth hormone (GH)?
    Long-term effects include stimulation of growth in bones and muscles.
  • What are the three types of GH disorders?
    The three types are gigantism (excess GH before puberty), acromegaly (excess GH after puberty), and dwarfism (GH deficiency).