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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • What are the main components of the integumentary system?
    The integumentary system consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands.
  • What are the three main layers of the skin?
    Epidermis (superficial, epithelial, avascular), Dermis (underlies epidermis, fibrous connective tissue, vascular), and Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer, mostly adipose tissue, not part of skin).
  • What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
    The epidermis is made mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Name the four main cell types found in the epidermis.
    Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and Tactile (Merkel) cells.
  • What is the function of keratinocytes?
    Keratinocytes produce fibrous keratin, which gives skin its protective properties and are the major cells of the epidermis.
  • What is the role of melanocytes in the skin?
    Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that protects the nucleus of keratinocytes from UV damage.
  • List the five layers (strata) of the epidermis in thick skin.
    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.
  • What is the stratum basale and its function?
    The stratum basale is the deepest epidermal layer, consisting of a single row of mitotically active stem cells that produce new keratinocytes.
  • Describe the stratum spinosum.
    Several layers thick with keratinocytes connected by desmosomes, containing prekeratin filaments; cells appear spiky and are called prickle cells.
  • What happens in the stratum granulosum?
    Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate, keratinization begins, and cells accumulate keratohyaline and lamellar granules to form a water-resistant barrier.
  • Where is the stratum lucidum found and what is its characteristic?
    Found only in thick skin, it is a thin, translucent layer of dead keratinocytes above the stratum granulosum.
  • What is the stratum corneum and its function?
    The outermost layer with 20–30 rows of flat, dead, keratinized cells that protect deeper layers, prevent water loss, and act as a barrier.
  • What are the two layers of the dermis?
    The papillary layer (areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae) and the reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue).
  • What is the function of dermal papillae?
    Dermal papillae are fingerlike projections that increase surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste, and contain capillaries and sensory receptors.
  • What are cleavage lines and why are they important?
    Cleavage lines are separations between collagen fiber bundles in the reticular dermis; incisions parallel to these lines heal better.
  • What causes stretch marks (striae)?
    Extreme stretching of skin causing dermal tears, resulting in silvery white scars called striae or stretch marks.
  • Name the three pigments that contribute to skin color.
    Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.
  • What is the function of melanin?
    Melanin protects skin DNA from UV damage by absorbing harmful radiation and is produced by melanocytes.
  • What are the main functions of hair?
    Hair warns of insects, guards against physical trauma, protects from heat loss, and shields skin from sunlight.
  • What are the three parts of a hair shaft?
    Medulla (central core), cortex (surrounding layers), and cuticle (outer layer of overlapping cells).
  • What is the arrector pili muscle?
    A small band of smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes hair to stand up, producing goose bumps.
  • What are the main types of sweat glands?
    Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands.
  • What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?
    They regulate body temperature by producing sweat that cools the body through evaporation.
  • Where are apocrine sweat glands found and what is their function?
    Located in axillary and anogenital areas; secrete viscous sweat that may act as a sexual scent gland.
  • What are sebaceous glands and their function?
    Oil glands that secrete sebum, an oily holocrine secretion that softens hair and skin and has bactericidal properties.
  • List the main functions of the skin.
    Protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and excretion of wastes.
  • What are the three types of skin cancer?
    Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
  • How are burns classified by severity?
    First-degree (epidermal damage), second-degree (epidermal and upper dermal damage), and third-degree (full-thickness skin damage).
  • What is the Rule of Nines used for?
    A method to estimate the volume of fluid loss by dividing the body surface into sections representing 9% each for burn assessment.