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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • What are the main components of the integumentary system?

    Skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails (though hair and nails are not studied here).

  • What are the two main regions of the skin?

    Epidermis (superficial, avascular) and dermis (deep, vascular).

  • Name the four types of cells found in the epidermis.

    Keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and tactile (Merkel) cells.

  • What is the primary function of keratinocytes?

    Produce fibrous keratin, providing protective properties to the skin; connected by desmosomes.

  • What role do melanocytes play in the epidermis?

    Produce melanin pigment, which is packaged into melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes to protect nuclei from UV damage.

  • What is the function of dendritic (Langerhans) cells?

    Star-shaped macrophages that patrol the epidermis and activate the immune system.

  • What are tactile (Merkel) cells responsible for?

    Sensory receptors for touch located in the epidermis.

  • List the five layers (strata) of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial.

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • What is the stratum basale and its key features?

    Deepest epidermal layer; mitotic stem cells attach to dermis; contains melanocytes; cells migrate upward over 25-45 days.

  • Describe the stratum spinosum.

    Several cell layers thick; keratinocytes connected by desmosomes; contains abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells; resists tension.

  • What happens in the stratum granulosum?

    Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate; keratinization begins with keratohyaline granules; lamellar granules create water-resistant barrier.

  • Where is the stratum lucidum found and what is its characteristic?

    Only in thick skin (hands and feet); 2-3 rows of dead, translucent keratinocytes above stratum granulosum.

  • What is the stratum corneum composed of and its function?

    20-30 rows of dead, keratinized, anucleated cells; protects against environmental damage, prevents water loss, and resists abrasion.

  • What tissues and cells compose the dermis?

    Fibrous connective tissue with fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells; contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

  • What are the two layers of the dermis and their features?

    Papillary layer: superficial, areolar connective tissue with capillaries and tactile corpuscles; Reticular layer: dense fibrous connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

  • What is the hypodermis and its function?

    Subcutaneous layer beneath skin; mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock, insulates, and anchors skin to muscles.

  • Which pigments contribute to skin color?

    Melanin (made by melanocytes), carotene (yellow-orange pigment), and hemoglobin (pinkish hue in fair skin).

  • What causes cyanosis and what does it indicate?

    Blue skin color due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin.

  • What are the two main types of sweat glands and their differences?

    Eccrine glands: thermoregulation, watery sweat; Apocrine glands: axillary/genital areas, viscous sweat with fatty substances, begin at puberty.

  • What are sebaceous glands and their function?

    Oil glands associated with hair follicles; secrete sebum, an oily holocrine secretion that softens skin and hair and has bactericidal properties.

  • List the main protective functions of the skin barrier.

    Chemical barrier (antimicrobial secretions, low pH, melanin), physical barrier (keratinized cells and glycolipids), and biological barrier (immune cells and DNA protection).

  • How does the skin regulate body temperature?

    By sweating (insensible and sensible perspiration) and adjusting blood flow via dilation or constriction of dermal vessels.

  • What metabolic functions does the skin perform?

    Synthesizes vitamin D, disarms carcinogens, activates hormones, and produces collagenase to prevent wrinkles.

  • What are the three major types of skin cancer?

    Basal cell carcinoma (least malignant), squamous cell carcinoma (can metastasize), and melanoma (most dangerous, from melanocytes).

  • What is the ABCD rule for melanoma detection?

    A: asymmetry; B: border irregularity; C: color variation; D: diameter larger than 6 mm.

  • What are the classifications of burns by severity?

    1st degree: epidermal damage; 2nd degree: epidermal and upper dermal damage with blisters; 3rd degree: full thickness skin damage, no pain, requires grafting.

  • What is the Rule of Nines in burn assessment?

    Body divided into 11 sections each representing 9% of total body surface area to estimate fluid loss and burn severity.

  • What are the critical criteria for burns?

    More than 25% second-degree burns, more than 10% third-degree burns, or third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet.

  • What treatments are used for severe burns?

    Debridement, antibiotics, temporary coverings, and skin grafts.