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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • What are the main components of the integumentary system?
    Skin, oil and sweat glands, hair, sensory receptors, and nails.
  • What are the primary functions of the integumentary system?
    Covering and protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, vitamin D synthesis, and elimination of some waste.
  • Name the three layers of the skin.
    Epidermis (epithelial tissue), Dermis (connective, nerve, and muscle tissue), and Subcutaneous layer (adipose and areolar connective tissue).
  • List the layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost.
    Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.
  • What are the four main cell types in the epidermis and their functions?
    Keratinocytes produce keratin; Melanocytes produce melanin; Langerhans cells provide immunity; Merkel cells form touch receptors.
  • Describe the process of keratinization in the epidermis.
    Stem cells in stratum basale divide to produce keratinocytes, which move upward filling with keratin over about 4 weeks, forming a tough protective layer.
  • What tissues compose the dermis and what structures does it contain?
    Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells; contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood vessels.
  • What is the papillary region of the dermis and its functions?
    Top 20% of dermis made of areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae; anchors epidermis, contains capillaries and touch/pain receptors.
  • What characterizes the reticular region of the dermis?
    Dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers; contains oil glands, sweat ducts, fat, hair follicles; provides skin strength and elasticity.
  • What is the difference between thick and thin skin?
    Thick skin has a thick epidermis with stratum lucidum, no hair follicles or sebaceous glands, found on palms and soles; thin skin covers most body with thinner epidermis and hair.
  • How is melanin produced and what affects its production?
    Produced by melanocytes converting tyrosine to melanin; UV light increases production; amount varies causing skin color differences.
  • What are the clinical conditions related to skin pigmentation?
    Freckles (patches of melanocytes), albinism (lack of tyrosinase enzyme), vitiligo (autoimmune loss of melanocytes causing white patches).
  • Name the accessory structures of the skin.
    Hair, glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, mammary), and nails.
  • What are the parts of a hair shaft and follicle?
    Shaft has medulla, cortex, cuticle; follicle surrounds root with external and internal root sheaths; base is bulb with blood vessels and germinal cells.
  • What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
    Smooth muscle that contracts to pull hair vertically causing goosebumps in response to cold or fear.
  • What are the types and functions of sweat glands?
    Eccrine glands regulate body temperature via sweat; apocrine glands in armpits and pubic area produce thicker secretions onto hair follicles.
  • What is the role of sebaceous glands?
    Secrete sebum to keep hair and skin soft, inhibit bacterial and fungal growth; often open onto hair shafts.
  • Describe the structure and function of nails.
    Composed of tightly packed keratinized cells; nail body is pink from capillaries; lunula is white; nail matrix produces growth at ~1 mm/week.
  • How does the skin regulate body temperature?
    By releasing sweat for evaporative cooling, adjusting blood flow to skin surface, and shivering/constricting vessels to raise temperature.
  • What are the skin's barrier functions?
    Physical, chemical, and biological barrier preventing bacterial invasion, reducing evaporation, and protecting against UV light.
  • What substances can be absorbed through the skin?
    Lipid-soluble substances like vitamins A, D, E, K, oxygen, CO2, acetone, some toxins, and poisons.
  • What sensations does the skin detect?
    Touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, tickling, and some pain.
  • How does the skin contribute to vitamin D synthesis?
    Sunlight activates a precursor in skin; liver and kidneys convert it to calcitriol, essential for calcium absorption.
  • What are the three major types of skin cancer?
    Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
  • What is the ABCD rule for melanoma detection?
    A: asymmetry; B: border irregularity; C: color variation; D: diameter >6 mm; E: evolving changes.
  • How are burns classified by severity?
    First-degree: epidermal damage; second-degree: epidermal and upper dermis with blisters; third-degree: full thickness skin damage.
  • What is the Rule of Nines in burn assessment?
    Body divided into 11 sections each representing 9% of surface area to estimate fluid loss and burn extent.
  • When are burns considered critical?
    >25% second-degree burns, >10% third-degree burns, or third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet.
  • What treatments are used for severe burns?
    Debridement, antibiotics, temporary coverings, and skin grafts.