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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is the primary focus of anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the body's structure, including the location and relationships of body parts.

  • What does physiology study?

    Physiology is the study of the body's functions and how body parts work and carry out life-sustaining activities.

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

    Structure exists to perform a function; to understand why an organ is shaped a certain way, you must understand what it does, and vice versa.

  • List the levels of organization in the human body from smallest to largest.

    Atomic/molecular, macromolecule, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within a narrow range despite external changes.

  • What are the two main types of feedback loops that regulate homeostasis?

    Negative feedback opposes the original stimulus to maintain stability, while positive feedback amplifies the stimulus, moving the system away from the set point.

  • Give an example of a negative feedback loop in the human body.

    Thermoregulation: When body temperature rises, sweating cools the body; when it falls, shivering generates heat.

  • Give an example of a positive feedback loop in the human body.

    Labor contractions: Oxytocin release increases contractions, which increases oxytocin release until delivery.

  • What is the anatomical position and why is it important?

    Body upright, face forward, feet shoulder-width apart, palms facing forward. It provides a standard reference for anatomical terminology.

  • Define the directional terms: superior and inferior.

    Superior means toward the head; inferior means toward the feet.

  • Define the directional terms: anterior and posterior.

    Anterior means toward the front of the body; posterior means toward the back.

  • What do the terms medial and lateral mean?

    Medial means toward the midline of the body; lateral means away from the midline.

  • What is the difference between proximal and distal?

    Proximal means closer to the point of attachment of a limb; distal means farther from the point of attachment.

  • What are the three main anatomical planes of the body?

    Frontal (divides front and back), sagittal (divides left and right), and transverse (divides top and bottom).

  • What are the major body cavities and what do they contain?

    Ventral cavity contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities housing organs like lungs, heart, digestive organs; dorsal cavity contains cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

  • What is the function of serous membranes?

    They line body cavities and cover organs, producing serous fluid to reduce friction during organ movement.

  • Name the four main organ systems responsible for protection, communication, transport, and reproduction.

    Protection: integumentary, skeletal, muscular. Communication: nervous, endocrine. Transport: cardiovascular, lymphatic. Reproduction: reproductive system.

  • How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in communication?

    The nervous system uses fast electrical signals for immediate responses; the endocrine system uses slower chemical messengers (hormones) for longer-term regulation.

  • What is anatomical variation and why is it important?

    Differences in anatomy among individuals; important because it affects medical diagnosis and treatment.

  • Why is knowledge of anatomy important for understanding physiology?

    Because function depends on structure, understanding anatomy helps explain how physiological processes occur.