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Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • What is Anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of form and structure of the body, including gross anatomy and histology (microscopic anatomy).

  • What is Physiology?

    Physiology is the study of function in the body, including general physiology and pathophysiology.

  • What are the levels of organization in the human body?

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism levels.

  • What defines the chemical level of organization?

    Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter that combine to form molecules; molecular shape determines function.

  • What is the cellular level of organization?

    Cells are the smallest living units; molecules form organelles within cells, each with specific functions.

  • What is a tissue in anatomy?

    A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

  • What is an organ?

    An organ is composed of two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions.

  • What is an organ system?

    An organ system consists of multiple organs interacting to perform specific functions.

  • What is the highest level of organization in the body?

    The organism level, which includes all organ systems working together to maintain life and health.

  • Name the 11 organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    Fluid inside cells, consisting of cytosol and nucleoplasm.

  • What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    Fluid outside cells, mainly interstitial fluid and plasma.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment or internal balance.

  • What are the main systems involved in homeostatic control?

    The nervous system and the endocrine system.

  • List the components of a homeostatic mechanism.

    Stimulus, Sensor (Receptor), Control Center (Integration Center), Effectors, Compensatory Response, Result (Outcome), and Set Point.

  • What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

    A control mechanism where a change in a variable triggers a response that reverses the change, restoring normal conditions.

  • What is positive feedback?

    A control mechanism where a change in a variable causes further change in the same direction, amplifying the response.

  • Give an example of positive feedback in the human body.

    Labor contractions during childbirth, where contractions intensify until delivery.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    A standard reference position used to describe body regions and directional terms, with the body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.

  • What are body cavities and their functions?

    Closed fluid-filled spaces lined with serous membranes that protect and cushion organs and allow them to expand and contract.

  • Name the dorsal body cavities.

    Cranial cavity and spinal cavity.

  • Name the ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

    Thoracic cavity (pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity) and abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavities).

  • What is the function of serous membranes?

    They produce watery fluid to moisten surfaces and reduce friction between organs and body walls.

  • What are the parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes?

    Parietal layer lines the body wall; visceral layer covers the surfaces of organs.