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Lecture Exam 2: Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

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  • What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    "Fight or Flight" response, preparing the body for emergency situations.

  • What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    "Rest and Digest" response, promoting maintenance and conservation of energy.

  • Where is the sympathetic nervous system located?

    Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.

  • Where is the parasympathetic nervous system located?

    Craniosacral region of the spinal cord.

  • What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

    Norepinephrine (NE) for most target organs; Acetylcholine (ACh) for sweat glands.

  • What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • What type of receptors do postganglionic sympathetic neurons target on effector organs?

    Adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors).

  • What type of receptors do postganglionic parasympathetic neurons target on effector organs?

    Muscarinic receptors

  • How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the pupil?

    Dilates the pupil.

  • How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the pupil?

    Constricts the pupil.

  • What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate and force of contraction?

    Increases heart rate and force of contraction.

  • What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

    Decreases heart rate.

  • How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the airways?

    Opens airways (bronchodilation).

  • How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the airways?

    Constricts airways (bronchoconstriction).

  • What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the digestive tract?

    Relaxes the digestive tract and sphincters.

  • What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the digestive tract?

    Contracts the digestive tract and sphincters.

  • How does the sympathetic nervous system affect sweat glands?

    Increases sweat production.

  • How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the urinary tract?

    Relaxes the urinary tract.

  • What is the location of preganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic nervous system?

    Located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar region).

  • What is the location of preganglionic cell bodies in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    Located in brainstem nuclei and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral region).