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Muscular System Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • Origin and Insertion

    Origin is the attachment to an immovable or less movable bone. Insertion is the attachment to a movable bone. During contraction, the insertion moves toward the origin.

  • Prime Mover, Antagonist, Synergist, Fixator

    Prime mover causes the main movement. Antagonist opposes the prime mover. Synergist aids the prime mover or reduces unwanted movement. Fixator stabilizes the origin of the prime mover.

  • Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity

    1. All skeletal muscles cross at least one joint.
    2. Bulk lies proximal to joint.
    3. Have origin and insertion.
    4. Muscles only pull, never push.
    5. Insertion moves toward origin during contraction.

  • Flexion

    Movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing two bones closer together. Typical in bending hinge or ball-and-socket joints.

  • Extension and Hyperextension

    Extension increases the angle between bones, straightening a joint. Hyperextension is extension beyond the normal anatomical position.

  • Rotation

    Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, common in ball-and-socket joints. Example: shaking the head "no" by rotating the atlas around the axis.

  • Abduction and Adduction

    Abduction moves a limb away from the midline. Adduction moves a limb toward the midline.

  • Circumduction

    Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction where the distal end of a limb moves in a circle while the proximal end remains stationary.

  • Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

    Dorsiflexion lifts the foot so the superior surface approaches the shin. Plantar flexion points the toes away from the head.

  • Inversion and Eversion

    Inversion turns the sole of the foot medially. Eversion turns the sole laterally.

  • Supination and Pronation

    Supination rotates the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly; radius and ulna are parallel.
    Pronation rotates the forearm medially so the palm faces posteriorly; radius and ulna cross.

  • Opposition

    Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand, enabling grasping.

  • Criteria for Naming Skeletal Muscles

    Muscles are named by fiber direction, size, location, number of origins, origin/insertion location, shape, and action.

  • Examples of Muscle Naming Criteria

    Direction: rectus (straight)
    Size: maximus (largest)
    Location: temporalis (temporal bone)
    Number of origins: triceps (three heads)
    Shape: deltoid (triangular)
    Action: flexor, extensor

  • Fascicle Arrangement Patterns

    Circular, convergent, parallel, fusiform, and pennate fascicle arrangements describe how muscle fibers are organized relative to tendons.

  • Circular Fascicle Arrangement

    Fascicles arranged in concentric rings, often surrounding external body openings.

  • Convergent Fascicle Arrangement

    Fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon, allowing versatile movement directions.

  • Parallel and Fusiform Fascicle Arrangements

    Parallel fascicles run along the muscle's long axis. Fusiform is a spindle-shaped variant of parallel arrangement.

  • Pennate Fascicle Arrangement

    Short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon, increasing muscle power.

  • Importance of Nerve Supply and Exercise for Muscles

    Nerve supply is essential for muscle contraction. Regular exercise maintains muscle health, preventing atrophy and promoting hypertrophy.

  • Muscle Development and Aging

    Muscle control matures from superior to inferior and proximal to distal. Aging decreases muscle mass and strength, but exercise helps retain them.