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Muscular System: Muscle Types, Levers, and Movements

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  • What are parallel muscles and give examples?

    Parallel muscles have fascicles running parallel to the muscle's long axis, allowing significant shortening during contraction. Examples include the biceps brachii and rectus abdominis.

  • Describe convergent muscles and an example.

    Convergent muscles have fascicles spreading over a broad area and converging on a single attachment point, allowing pulling in different directions. Example: pectoralis major.

  • What are pennate muscles and their types?

    Pennate muscles have fascicles at an angle to the tendon, producing more tension. Types: unipennate (one side, e.g., extensor digitorum), bipennate (both sides, e.g., rectus femoris), and multipennate (tendon branches, e.g., deltoid).

  • What characterizes circular muscles? Give an example.

    Circular muscles have fascicles arranged concentrically around an opening, acting as valves. Example: orbicularis oris, which controls lip movement.

  • Explain the first-class lever in the muscular system with an example.

    In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is between the applied force and the load. Example: extension of the neck lifting the head.

  • Describe the second-class lever and provide an example.

    A second-class lever has the load between the applied force and the fulcrum. Example: ankle extension (plantar flexion) by calf muscles.

  • What is a third-class lever in the body? Give an example.

    A third-class lever has the applied force between the load and fulcrum. It is most common in the body. Example: elbow flexion by the biceps brachii.

  • What is the role of flexor muscles at a joint? Example?

    Flexors decrease the angle at a joint by contracting. Example: the biceps brachii flexes the elbow.

  • What is the function of extensor muscles? Example?

    Extensors increase the angle at a joint by contracting. Example: the triceps brachii extends the elbow.

  • Define abduction and name muscles involved at the hip joint.

    Abduction moves a limb away from the midline. The gluteus medius and minimus abduct the hip.

  • Define adduction and name a key muscle at the hip joint.

    Adduction moves a limb toward the midline. The adductor magnus is a major hip adductor.

  • What muscles perform medial and lateral rotation of the shoulder?

    Medial rotators include the subscapularis, rotating the shoulder medially. Lateral rotators include the teres minor, rotating the shoulder laterally.

  • Differentiate axial and appendicular muscles with examples.

    Axial muscles position the head, neck, and trunk (e.g., sternocleidomastoid). Appendicular muscles move the limbs and girdles (e.g., deltoid, biceps brachii).

  • Name the major muscles of facial expression.

    Key facial muscles include orbicularis oris (lips), buccinator (cheeks), zygomaticus major (smiling), and platysma (neck skin tension).

  • List the extrinsic eye muscles and their general function.

    Extrinsic eye muscles control eye movement: superior, inferior, medial, lateral rectus, and superior and inferior oblique muscles.

  • What muscles are involved in mastication?

    Mastication muscles include the masseter and temporalis (elevate mandible) and pterygoid muscles (move mandible side to side).

  • Name the muscles that move the forearm and hand.

    Forearm flexors: biceps brachii, brachialis. Extensors: triceps brachii. Wrist and finger movers include flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum.

  • Identify major muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.

    Gluteal muscles: gluteus maximus, medius, minimus. Thigh muscles: quadriceps femoris, hamstrings. Calf muscles: gastrocnemius, soleus.

  • What is the mechanical advantage formula for levers?

    The mechanical advantage of a lever is \(\frac{\text{effort arm}}{\text{load arm}}\).

  • How do muscles interact with other body systems during exercise?

    Muscles increase oxygen demand, stimulating the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Heat from muscle activity is dispersed by the integumentary system, coordinated by nervous and endocrine systems.