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Skeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (23)

  • Subdivisions of the skeleton
    The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles).
  • Functions of the skeletal system
    Supports the body, protects organs, facilitates movement, stores minerals and fats, and produces blood cells.
  • Four main classifications of bones
    Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
  • Major anatomical areas of a long bone
    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth plate area), and medullary cavity.
  • Microscopic structure of compact bone
    Composed of osteons or Haversian systems, which include central canals surrounded by concentric lamellae.
  • Role of bone salts and organic matrix
    Bone salts provide hardness, while the organic matrix (collagen) provides flexibility and tensile strength.
  • Bone formation in the fetus
    Begins with ossification, where cartilage is replaced by bone; remodeling continues throughout life.
  • Types of bone fractures
    Include simple (closed), compound (open), comminuted, greenstick, and spiral fractures.
  • Bones of the skull
    Includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
  • Four major skull sutures
    Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures.
  • Parts of a typical vertebra
    Body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse processes, and vertebral foramen.
  • Differences among cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
    Cervical vertebrae are smaller with transverse foramina; thoracic have facets for ribs; lumbar are larger and support more weight.
  • Importance of intervertebral discs
    Act as shock absorbers and allow flexibility between vertebrae.
  • Spinal curvatures
    Normal curves include cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral; they help distribute mechanical stress.
  • Abnormal spinal curvatures
    Scoliosis: lateral curve; lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve; kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curve.
  • Components of the thoracic cage
    Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages.
  • Difference between true and false ribs
    True ribs attach directly to the sternum; false ribs attach indirectly or not at all.
  • Bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles
    Shoulder girdle: clavicle and scapula; pelvic girdle: two hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis).
  • Differences between male and female pelvis
    Female pelvis is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet for childbirth.
  • Three major structural categories of joints
    Fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly movable), and synovial (freely movable).
  • Skeletal development changes through life
    Bones grow and ossify from fetal to adult stages; remodeling adapts bone to stress and repairs damage.
  • Causes of bone and joint problems
    Include trauma, arthritis, osteoporosis, infections, and congenital defects.
  • Differences in newborn skull
    Newborn skull has fontanels (soft spots) allowing brain growth and easier birth; these close as bones fuse.