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Urinary System Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Primary functions of the kidneys
    Regulate total water volume and solute concentration, maintain ECF ion concentrations, ensure acid-base balance, and remove metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs.
  • Endocrine functions of the kidneys
    Secrete renin for blood pressure regulation, erythropoietin for RBC production, activate vitamin D, and perform gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting.
  • Organs of the urinary system
    Includes kidneys (major excretory organs), ureters (transport urine to bladder), urinary bladder (temporary urine storage), and urethra (urine excretion).
  • Location of the kidneys
    Located against the posterior body wall, typically at the level of the 12th rib, retroperitoneal with supportive layers including renal fascia, perirenal fat, and fibrous capsule.
  • Internal anatomy of the kidney
    Consists of the renal cortex, renal medulla (with pyramids), renal pelvis, minor and major calyces, and the renal hilum where vessels and ureter enter/exit.
  • Blood supply to the kidneys
    Renal arteries deliver ~25% of cardiac output; blood flows through segmental, interlobar, arcuate, and cortical radiate arteries to the nephrons.
  • Nephron structure
    Functional unit of the kidney with two main parts: renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and renal tubule (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule).
  • Function of the glomerulus
    A tuft of fenestrated capillaries specialized for filtration of blood plasma into the Bowman's capsule.
  • Bowman's capsule layers
    Has a parietal layer (outer) and a visceral layer with podocytes that wrap around glomerular capillaries.
  • Classes of nephrons
    Cortical nephrons (85%, mostly in cortex) and juxtamedullary nephrons (long loops into medulla, important for concentrated urine).
  • Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) components
    Includes macula densa cells (sense NaCl), granular cells (secrete renin), and extraglomerular mesangial cells (signal transmission).
  • Role of granular cells in JGC
    Mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole and secrete renin to regulate blood pressure.
  • Urine physical characteristics
    Normally clear and pale to deep yellow due to urochrome; cloudy urine may indicate infection; odor can change with standing or diet.
  • Urine pH and specific gravity
    Slightly acidic (~pH 6, range 4.5-8.0); specific gravity ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 depending on solute concentration.
  • Chemical composition of urine
    About 95% water and 5% solutes including nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ions such as Na+, K+, PO4 3-.
  • Ureter anatomy and function
    Retroperitoneal tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder; distal ends close during bladder contraction to prevent backflow.
  • Layers of the ureter wall
    Includes mucosa with transitional epithelium, muscularis with longitudinal and circular layers, and outer adventitia.
  • Urinary bladder anatomy
    Muscular sac for urine storage, located retroperitoneally on pelvic floor; has openings for ureters and urethra forming the trigone.
  • Bladder capacity and features
    Can hold ~500 ml normally, expandable to twice that; collapses when empty with rugae; can burst if overdistended.
  • Urethra structure and sphincters
    Muscular tube lined mostly by pseudostratified columnar epithelium; internal sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle, external sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle.