Trace the pathway of a sperm from the male testes to the uterine tube of a female.

Oogenesis in the female results in one functional gamete—the egg, or ovum. What other cells are produced? What is the significance of this rather wasteful type of gamete production—that is, production of a single functional gamete instead of four, as seen in males?

Define menarche. What does it indicate?

Describe the major structural (and functional) regions of a sperm.

Both the epithelium of the vagina and the cervical glands of the uterus help prevent the invasion and spread of vaginal pathogens. Explain how each of these mechanisms works.

Why is the term urogenital system more applicable to males than to females?

In menstruation, the functional layer is shed from the endometrium. Explain the hormonal and physical factors responsible for this shedding. (Hint: See Figure.)