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Epidemiology and Demography in Community Medicine

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What is a necessary cause in epidemiology?

    A necessary cause is a factor that must be present for a disease to occur but may not be sufficient alone to cause the disease.

  • Define disease surveillance.

    Disease surveillance is the systematic, continuous collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data for public health decision-making.

  • What is the difference between passive and active surveillance?

    Passive surveillance relies on routine reporting by healthcare providers, while active surveillance involves proactive case finding by health authorities.

  • What does a population pyramid represent?

    A population pyramid graphically shows the age and sex structure of a population, revealing fertility, mortality, and life expectancy trends.

  • Describe an expansive population pyramid.

    An expansive pyramid has a wide base and narrow top, indicating high birth rates and low life expectancy, typical of developing countries.

  • How is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) calculated?

    CBR = (Number of live births in a year / Total population) × 1000; it measures births per 1,000 people.

  • What is the Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)?

    ASFR measures fertility for a specific age group: ASFR = (Births to women in age group / Number of women in that age group) × 1000.

  • How to calculate the annual population growth rate?

    Annual growth rate = [(P2 / P1)^(1/t)] - 1, where P1 is initial population, P2 is later population, and t is years.

  • Define sensitivity of a diagnostic test.

    Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positives).

  • Define specificity of a diagnostic test.

    Specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negatives).

  • What is Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

    PPV is the probability that a person with a positive test truly has the disease.

  • What is Negative Predictive Value (NPV)?

    NPV is the probability that a person with a negative test truly does not have the disease.

  • Explain the relationship between prevalence and incidence.

    Prevalence depends on incidence and duration: Prevalence ≈ Incidence × Duration of disease.

  • What is the crude death rate (CDR)?

    CDR = (Number of deaths in a year / Total population) × 1000; it measures deaths per 1,000 people annually.

  • List the three components of the epidemiological triad.

    The epidemiological triad consists of agent, host, and environment.

  • What is the Bradford Hill criterion of temporality?

    Temporality means the cause must precede the effect in time to establish causation.

  • What is the purpose of disease investigation?

    Disease investigation identifies the source, cause, and transmission of an outbreak to implement control measures.

  • What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

    TFR estimates the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years.

  • What factors contribute to high fertility rates in South Sudan?

    Early marriage, limited contraception access, cultural preference for large families, low female education, and rural dominance.

  • What is the significance of likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing?

    Likelihood ratios indicate how much a test result changes the odds of having a disease, aiding clinical decision-making.

  • What is the difference between screening and diagnostic tests?

    Screening tests detect asymptomatic disease in populations; diagnostic tests confirm or rule out disease in symptomatic individuals.