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AP Biology Unit 1: Macromolecules and Their Components

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the four main types of biological macromolecules?

    The four main types are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  • What is the basic monomer unit of carbohydrates?

    Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates, such as glucose and fructose.

  • What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

    Monosaccharides generally have the formula \((CH_2O)_n\), where n is typically 3-7.

  • Name two common disaccharides and their monomers.

    Sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose) are common disaccharides.

  • What polysaccharides serve as energy storage in plants and animals?

    Starch stores energy in plants, and glycogen stores energy in animals.

  • What polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls?

    Cellulose is a polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls.

  • What are lipids primarily composed of?

    Lipids are primarily composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

  • What distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?

    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds causing kinks.

  • What is the structure of a phospholipid?

    A phospholipid has a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

  • What role do phospholipids play in cells?

    Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes, creating a selective barrier.

  • What are the monomers of proteins?

    Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.

  • What are the four levels of protein structure?

    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).

  • What type of bond links amino acids in a protein?

    Peptide bonds link amino acids together in proteins.

  • What functional groups are found in amino acids?

    Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.

  • What are nucleic acids made of?

    Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

  • Name the nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA.

    DNA bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine. RNA bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine.

  • What type of bond connects nucleotides in nucleic acids?

    Phosphodiester bonds connect nucleotides between the phosphate of one and the sugar of the next.

  • What is the difference between DNA and RNA sugars?

    DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose sugar.

  • What is the function of carbohydrates in cells besides energy storage?

    Carbohydrates also provide structural support and serve as cell recognition molecules.

  • How do enzymes relate to proteins?

    Many proteins function as enzymes, catalyzing biochemical reactions.