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Bacteria and Archaea - General Biology

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the two largest branches on the Tree of Life that are unicellular and prokaryotic?
    Bacteria and Archaea are the two largest branches, both unicellular and prokaryotic.
  • What distinguishes Bacteria and Archaea at the molecular level?
    Differences in membrane and cell wall molecular components, and methods to transcribe DNA and synthesize proteins from mRNA.
  • What is the significance of endospores in bacteria?
    Endospores are dormant structures formed during stress, resistant to temperature, UV radiation, and antibiotics.
  • Define virulence in bacteria.
    Virulence is the heritable ability of bacteria to cause disease.
  • What is a biofilm in bacterial colonies?
    A biofilm is a colony of bacteria entangled in a polysaccharide-rich matrix that shields them from antibiotics.
  • Name a bacterium responsible for the Bubonic Plague.
    Yersinia pestis causes the Bubonic Plague, leading to tissue necrosis.
  • What are zoonoses?
    Diseases originating in animals that can infect humans.
  • What is MRSA and why is it dangerous?
    MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a multi-drug resistant strain causing common staph infections.
  • How do bacteria contribute beyond causing disease?
    They explain the origin of life, aid in bioremediation, produce enzymes for industry, and create food products.
  • What are antibiotics and their natural source?
    Antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria and are naturally produced by soil bacteria and fungi.
  • What are extremophiles?
    Microorganisms adapted to extreme environments like acidophiles, halophiles, hyperthermophiles, and psychrophiles.
  • What is metagenomics in studying bacteria?
    Environmental DNA sequencing used to identify new organisms without culturing.
  • What role does the human microbiome play?
    Contains trillions of bacteria and archaea that produce vitamins, boost immunity, and can also cause disease.
  • Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria cell walls?
    Gram-positive have thick peptidoglycan layers and stain purple; Gram-negative have thin peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer, staining pink.
  • What are the three main energy acquisition modes in bacteria?
    1. Phototrophs use light, 2. Chemoorganotrophs oxidize organic molecules, 3. Chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic molecules.
  • What is the ecological importance of cyanobacteria?
    They are photoautotrophs that created the oxygen-rich atmosphere and form symbiotic relationships with fungi.
  • How does nitrogen pollution from fertilizers affect ecosystems?
    Excess nitrates cause dead zones by killing aquatic life through oxygen depletion.
  • What is the role of bacteria in the carbon cycle?
    Bacteria decompose organic matter, releasing carbon gases like CO2.
  • What is the function of bacterial biofilms in infections?
    Biofilms protect bacteria from antibiotics and immune responses, making infections harder to treat.
  • How do enrichment cultures help study bacteria?
    They allow growth of specific bacteria in the lab to discover and describe new species.