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Bio October 16th (Unit 4 con't)

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • what does Mitochondria do and what is it's structure?

    carries out cellular respiration in EUKARYOTIC CELLS.

    Enclosed by 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes; inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production.

  • Mitochondrial internal compartments?

    Intermembrane space between membranes; mitochondrial matrix inside inner membrane contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes for cellular respiration.

  • Chloroplast function?

    Converts solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis.

  • Chloroplast structure?

    2 membranes with intermembrane space; stroma contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes; AND thylakoids which are membranous sacs where chlorophyll traps solar energy.

  • Thylakoid and granum?

    Thylakoids are interconnected sacs; granum is a stack of thylakoids resembling poker chips.

  • Endosymbiont theory?

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts once were small prokaryotes living inside larger cells, leading to eukaryotic cells with these organelles.

  • Benefits of endosymbiosis?

    Host cell gains high ATP production; small cell gains protection and nutrients.

  • Cytoskeleton overview?

    Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape, motility, and internal movement; interacts with motor proteins.

  • Three types of cytoskeletal fibers?

    Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

  • Microtubules structure and function?

    Hollow tubes of tubulin proteins; support cell shape, guide organelle movement, chromosome separation, and form flagella/cilia.

  • Centrosome?

    Region in animal cells where microtubules grow out from.

  • Intermediate filaments structure and function?

    found most in animal cells. they are Fibrous proteins supercoiled into cables; reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles; permanent fixtures in cells.

  • Microfilaments structure and role?

    Rods of actin proteins arranged in twisted double chains; support cell shape and enable movement via actin-myosin interactions.

  • Cilia characteristics and functions?

    Short, multiple appendages that move in sweeping motion; propel cells, clear mucus in trachea, or act as non-motile antennae.

  • Flagella characteristics and functions?

    Long, whip-like appendages; propel cells with undulating motion; common in sperm and motile prokaryotes.

  • Extracellular matrix functions?

    Holds cells in tissues, supports plasma membrane, relays signals affecting gene expression, and directs embryonic cell movement.

  • Extracellular matrix structure?

    Matrix of glycoproteins outside plasma membrane; mainly collagen fibers embedded in glycoprotein and polysaccharide network.

  • Integrins in extracellular matrix?

    Proteins that bind the extracellular matrix to the plasma membrane.

  • Tight junctions?

    Plasma membranes of adjacent cells knit tightly together to prevent fluid leakage between cells.

  • Anchoring junctions?

    Intermediate filaments hold cells together into strong sheets, providing resistance to stretching and mechanical stress.

  • Gap junctions?

    Channels allowing flow of small molecules between adjacent cells.

  • Plant cell wall?

    Provides skeletal support, made of cellulose fibers, and contains plasmodesmata channels for nutrient transport.