bio test one

atoms always need 8 electrons to fill there valance shell (with the exception of the first that only needs 2)

sharing of electrons between to atoms (often to complete valance shell)

1)polar

2)nonpolar

how strongly an atom pulls shared electrons towards itself

polar covalent bonds

partial negative

partial positive

the electrons are transferred between atoms (resulting in completion of the valance shell)

positively charged ion resulting from the loss of an electron

negatively charged ion resulting from the gain of an electron

atom/molecule that carry's a full charge

the bulk elements required for life

2) lower in energy

1) higher in energy

regions around the nucleus where electrons are found

electrons found in the most distant shell

interactions between atoms within the same molecule

interactions of bonds between atoms of different molecules

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms (due to differences in electronegativity)

partial charges

harder electrons are pulled (partial negative)

partial postive

small polar molecule with 2 hydrogen atoms (partial positive) and 1 oxygen atom (partial negative)

hydrogen bond

polar covalent bond

the substance that does the dissolving

the substance being dissolved

the result of solvent and solute (disruption of ionic bonds)

uniformly mixed solution where all parts are evenly distributed

mixed solution where parts are unevenly distributed

substances that do not dissolve in water (water fearing)

substances that do dissolve in water (water loving)

the ability of water molecules to stick together (water molecules sticking to each other)

the ability of water molecules to stick to other molecules that are not water (water sticking to a glass)

measure of difficultly of breaking a liquid with force (cohesion and adhesion contribute to surface tension)

less packed (expand and form stable hydrogen bonds)

highly packed and constantly forming and breaking hydrogen bonds

1) lower density

which allows it to float on liquid water

the average kinetic energy of molecules in a solution

high average motion

low average motion

the total kinetic energy of molecules transferred as heat (ex pool has higher thermal energy than hot coffee bc greater volume of molecules)

the amount of heat it takes to raise/lower the temperature 1 degree

how much energy it takes to convert liquid to gas

because hydrogen bonds when abundant, become difficult to break

any chemical that increases a solutions concentration of H+ ions (decrease pH)

any chemical that decreases a solutions concentration of H+ ions (increase pH)

the measurement of H+ concentration in any given solution

7 (neutral)

used to resit changes in pH to help maintain homeostasis

main component of organic molecules (can from 4 bonds)

any molecule with covalently linked carbon and hydrogen atoms

1) methal (C-H-H-H)

2) hydroxl (-OH)

3) carbonal (c w/ double bond)

forms a covalent bond to link individual monomers and build a polymer through the removal of a water molecule

breaks a covalent bond between monomers resulting in the breaking down of a polymer (due to the addition of a water molecule)

long chains of monomers linked together

single blocks that when linked together form a polymer

a class of biomolecule made up of amino acids (monomer)

covalent bonds linking amino acids together

H-N-H (first)

O=C-OH (second)

C (central carbon atom)

H (central hydrogen atom)

R group

N terminus (H-N-H )

C terminus (O=C-OH )

amino acid chain (influences all other levels of stucture)

alpha helix & beta sheets (held together by hydrogen bonds)

overall 3D shape of a polypeptide chain

multiple polypeptide chains associate to form a single functional protein

non functional protein whose shape has been altered

helps denatured protein reform/renature its shape

a class of biomolecule that store/encode genetic information (DNA)

5' to 3'

sequences of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C)

double helix (anti parallel)

hydrogen bonds

cause backbone to twist

1)phosphate group

2) pentose sugar (H in DNA, OH in RNA)

3) nitrogenous base

single ringed molecules (C, T & U)

double ringed molecules (A & G)

phosphodiester bond

phosphate group (5')

hydroxyl group

amino group (3')

template for synthesizing proteins

can bind to itself to form a secondary structure

carbon based molecules hydrated with hydroxyl groups (OH)

glycosidic bonds

contain only C, H & O

contain C, H & O but also P, N or S

structural support

short term energy storage

hydrophobic biomolecules that are insoluble in water and highly diverse in their structure and functions

hydrophilic or amphipathic

fats, oils, waxes, steroids & phospholipids

hydrocarbon chains of varying lengths with a carboxyl acid

fully saturated with hydrogens (only contains carbon-carbon single bonds)

solid at room temp

not fully saturated with hydrogens due to presence of more than 1 carbon-carbon double bond

double bonds create a kink/bend in the chain which makes them liquid at room temp

artificial unsaturated fatty acids that are not kinked (linear)

a lipid with 3 fatty acid chains covalently linked to a single glycerol molecule (through dehydration synthesis)

large class of lipids that contain and phosphate group (amphipathic)

do not have a nucleus

bacteria and archaea

divide by binary fission

small ribosomes

unicellular

have a nucleus as well as other membrane bond organelles

plants, animals, fungi

divide by mitosis/cytokinesis

large ribosomes

uni or multicellular

circular in shape

building proteins

linear and found in the nucleus

have a cell membrane

contain major biomolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

mitochondria, cell membrane, rough/smooth ER, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes

lysosomes

cell wall & chloroplast

non membranous organelles that build proteins in all living cells

process conducted by ribosomes that builds proteins

floats in the cytoplasm

bound to another organelle

synthesizes energy within the cell (provides energy in the from of ATP)

high energy molecule that is used to power cellular reactions

mitochondrial process that breaks down food sources to make ATP

glucose + oxygen

water, co2 and energy (ATP)

have their own ribosomes DNA + specific mitochondrial DNA

1) outer membrane

2) folded inner membrane

region within the inner membrane of the mitochondria. contains enzymes, ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

the region between the inner & outer mitochondrial membrane

green organelles that function as the site of photosynthesis in many plant cells

pancake shaped sacs within the chloroplast

stacks of thylakoid

innermost region of the chloroplast containing enzymes, ribosomes & chloroplast DNA

process by which a substance (protein) is released into the environment

a rounded structure that contains/protects a eukaryotic cells DNA

protein secretion starts here

stores DNA to make protein

the double membrane barrier that surrounds the nucleus and acts as its barrier

tiny holes in the envelope that control what enters/exits the nucleus

a small dense structure where ribosomes are assembled

extension of the nuclear envelope

the internal space within the ER

closer to the nucleus with a ribosome coated surface

newly built proteins fold and can be modified in the rough ER

further from the nucleus with a ribosome free surface

synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs

are transported to the golgi apparatus VIA vesicles

functions as the processing center

-receives vesicles

- modifies vesicle

-repackages contents for export

cis end

trans end

acidic vesicles that carry digestive enzymes which break down and recycle food debris, bacteria, etc

-found primarily in animal cells

vesicles of enzymes that breakdown toxic compounds

-found in eukaryotic cells and originate in the rough ER

a dynamic network of protein fibers inside a cell that gives the cell its shape, provides structural support, and helps organize internal parts

microfilaments

microtubules

intermediate filaments