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Biomolecules and Macromolecules - Exam 1

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules?
    Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids.
  • What is a polymer and what are its building blocks?
    A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating smaller units called monomers.
  • What process builds polymers from monomers?
    Dehydration synthesis (condensation) removes water to form new bonds between monomers.
  • What process breaks polymers into monomers?
    Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds and release monomers.
  • Why is carbon essential in biological molecules?
    Carbon can form four bonds, branch in multiple directions, and create diverse molecular shapes.
  • What is a functional group in organic molecules?
    A functional group is a specific group of atoms that participates in chemical reactions and determines molecule properties.
  • Name three important functional groups in biomolecules.
    Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), and Amino (-NH2) groups.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of proteins?
    Monomer: Amino acid; Polymer: Polypeptide or Protein.
  • What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?
    Peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis link amino acids.
  • What determines the folding and function of a protein?
    The chemical properties of the side chains (R groups) determine protein folding and function.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), Tertiary (3D folding), and Quaternary (multi-subunit assembly).
  • How can changes in pH or temperature affect proteins?
    They can cause denaturation, disrupting hydrogen and ionic bonds, leading to loss of structure and function.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?
    Monomer: Nucleotide; Polymer: DNA or RNA.
  • What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
    A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • What is the difference between DNA and RNA sugars?
    DNA contains deoxyribose (lacking an -OH at 2' carbon), RNA contains ribose with an -OH at 2' carbon.
  • Which nitrogenous bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?
    Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G); Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U).
  • How do bases pair in DNA?
    A pairs with T via two hydrogen bonds; G pairs with C via three hydrogen bonds.
  • What type of bond links nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?
    Phosphodiester bonds link the 3' hydroxyl of one sugar to the 5' phosphate of the next nucleotide.
  • What is the directionality of nucleic acid strands?
    Strands have a 5' to 3' direction based on sugar-phosphate backbone orientation.
  • What is ATP and its role in the cell?
    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the cell's energy currency, providing energy for cellular processes.