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Cell Structures and Functions in General Biology

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  • Cell wall
    A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides support and protection.
  • Chloroplast
    Organelle responsible for photosynthesis; contains thylakoids and own DNA and ribosomes.
  • Central vacuole in plant cells
    Large vacuole that helps maintain water balance, supports growth, and stores substances.
  • Plasma membrane
    A selectively permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
  • Nucleus
    Organelle that contains the cell's DNA and controls cellular activities.
  • Nucleolus
    Structure inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced.
  • Ribosomes
    Sites of protein synthesis; can be free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
    Membrane system studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and processes proteins.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
    Membrane system involved in lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism; lacks ribosomes.
  • Golgi apparatus
    Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
  • Lysosomes
    Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules and worn-out cell parts.
  • Peroxisomes
    Organelles that oxidize fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.
  • Mitochondria
    Site of cellular respiration and ATP production; has double membrane and own DNA.
  • Vesicles
    Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.
  • Cytoskeleton
    Network of protein fibers that provide structural support and aid in cell movement.
  • Centrosome
    Microtubule-organizing center important in animal cells for cell division.
  • Difference between plant and animal vacuoles
    Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole; animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
  • Function of extracellular vesicles
    Involved in communication and transport between cells.
  • Role of plasma membrane in cell
    Provides a barrier and regulates exchange of substances with the environment.
  • Function of rough ER ribosomes
    Translate mRNA into polypeptides for protein synthesis.