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Cellular Respiration and Metabolism in General Biology

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  • What is cellular respiration?

    Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP in three main stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

  • What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

    Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

  • Where does glycolysis occur and what happens?

    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

  • What are the two phases of glycolysis?

    Energy investment phase (uses ATP) and energy payoff phase (produces ATP and NADH).

  • What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

    Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to Acetyl CoA.

  • Where does the citric acid cycle occur and what does it produce?

    It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2 by combining Acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

  • What is oxidative phosphorylation?

    It occurs in the cristae of mitochondria where the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis produce most of the ATP.

  • What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

    Direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

  • How is ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

    ATP is produced via the electron transport chain and ATP synthase using a proton gradient.

  • What role does ATP synthase play?

    ATP synthase is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

  • What is chemiosmosis?

    The movement of protons across a membrane that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

  • What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

    Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, essential for aerobic respiration.

  • What is fermentation?

    Fermentation is an anaerobic process that produces ATP without oxygen, resulting in lactic acid or ethanol.

  • How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ?

    Aerobic respiration uses oxygen; anaerobic respiration does not and often involves fermentation.

  • What is the central intermediate molecule in metabolism?

    Pyruvate, which can enter either aerobic or anaerobic pathways.

  • Can molecules other than glucose be used for ATP production?

    Yes, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can also be metabolized to produce ATP.

  • What is a redox reaction in cellular respiration?

    A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons: oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons.

  • What is the function of NADH in cellular respiration?

    NADH is an electron carrier that stores energy for ATP production by donating electrons to the electron transport chain.

  • What is the electron transport chain?

    A series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

  • How is cellular respiration regulated?

    Accumulation of ATP or NADH inhibits respiration to regulate energy production.