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Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis- lecture 7a-chapter 9(exam 2)

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  • What are the chemical ingredients for photosynthesis?
    CO2 from air and H2O absorbed from soil are used by chloroplasts with light energy to produce glucose and oxygen.
  • What is the byproduct of photosynthesis?
    Oxygen (O2) is released as a byproduct during photosynthesis.
  • What does cellular respiration use and produce?
    Cellular respiration uses O2 and organic molecules to produce ATP, CO2, and H2O.
  • Define autotrophs and give examples.
    Autotrophs make organic matter from inorganic nutrients like CO2 and water. Examples: plants and algae.
  • Define heterotrophs and give examples.
    Heterotrophs cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones and obtain food by eating others. Examples: humans and animals.
  • What is the main goal of cellular respiration?
    The goal is to generate ATP by breaking down glucose and oxygen into CO2 and H2O.
  • What type of reaction is cellular respiration?
    Cellular respiration is a redox reaction where glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
  • What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
    NAD+ is a coenzyme that accepts electrons, becoming NADH, which stores energy for ATP synthesis.
  • What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
    1. Glycolysis, 2. Citric Acid Cycle, 3. Electron Transport Chain.
  • How is most ATP generated in cellular respiration?
    Most ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation powered by redox reactions in the electron transport chain.
  • What happens during glycolysis?
    Glucose (6-carbon) splits into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  • What occurs in pyruvate oxidation?
    Pyruvate loses a carbon as CO2, electrons transfer to NAD+ forming NADH, and acetic acid attaches to CoA forming acetyl-CoA.
  • What is the main function of the citric acid cycle?
    It dismantles acetic acid to CO2, produces ATP directly, and captures energy in NADH and FADH2.
  • What is the electron transport chain's role?
    It shuttles electrons, creates a proton gradient, and drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
  • How does ATP synthase produce ATP?
    ATP synthase uses the proton-motive force (H+ gradient) to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
  • What is feedback inhibition in cellular respiration?
    If ATP levels drop, respiration speeds up; if ATP is high, respiration slows down to regulate energy production.
  • How are fats used in cellular respiration?
    Fats are broken into glycerol and fatty acids; fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to yield acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
  • What is fermentation and its types?
    Fermentation oxidizes NADH by transferring electrons to pyruvate or derivatives; types include alcohol and lactic acid fermentation.
  • What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
    \(\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}\)
  • What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
    An enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.