뒤로Cellular Respiration - General Biology
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Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy: \(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2 \rightarrow 6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O + Energy\)
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
NADH is an electron carrier that stores energy by carrying electrons to the electron transport chain to help produce ATP.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons; these reactions transfer energy by moving electrons.
Because it occurs in nearly all organisms and does not require oxygen, it likely evolved before oxygen was abundant in the atmosphere.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the chain to continue and enabling ATP production.
It pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP.
The process where protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase, powering the synthesis of ATP.
About 30 to 32 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule.
2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH.
Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix to form Acetyl CoA, producing NADH and releasing CO2.
Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2, generating NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.
NAD+ is an electron acceptor (oxidized form), and NADH is the reduced form that carries electrons to the electron transport chain.
Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen, producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.
Fermentation regenerates NAD+ from NADH in the absence of oxygen, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP.
Fermentation yields 2 ATP per glucose, while aerobic respiration yields about 30-32 ATP per glucose.
Specific enzymes catalyze each step of glycolysis, facilitating the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
High ATP levels inhibit key enzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, slowing down respiration.
Cyanide inhibits the electron transport chain by blocking electron transfer to oxygen, stopping ATP production.