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Cellular Respiration Processes in General Biology

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  • What is the main chemical change in glycolysis?
    Glucose (C6H12O6) is partially oxidized into pyruvic acid (C3H4O3).
  • Where does glycolysis take place and does it require oxygen?
    Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.
  • What happens to NAD+ and NADH during glycolysis?
    NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+ during glycolysis.
  • What happens to ATP and ADP during glycolysis?
    ATP is dephosphorylated to ADP, and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP.
  • What is the transition reaction in cellular respiration?
    Pyruvic acid is oxidized into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
  • Where does the transition reaction occur?
    The transition reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • What are the products of the transition reaction per 2 pyruvic acid molecules?
    2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH + 2H+.
  • What key processes occur in the Krebs cycle?
    FAD is reduced to FADH2, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.
  • Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
    The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • What are the main products of the Krebs cycle per 2 acetyl CoA molecules?
    4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 NADH + 6H+.
  • What happens in the Electron Transport System (ETS)?
    Oxygen is reduced to water; NADH and FADH2 are oxidized; ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.
  • Where does the Electron Transport System take place?
    ETS occurs in the mitochondrial cristae.
  • What is the role of oxygen in the ETS?
    Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor and is reduced to water.
  • How many ATP molecules are produced by the ETS?
    The ETS produces 32 or 34 ATP molecules.
  • Which coenzymes are energy-rich electron carriers in cellular respiration?
    NADH and FADH2 are energy-rich when reduced and carry electrons.
  • Which coenzymes are energy-poor and oxidized forms?
    NAD+ and FAD are energy-poor oxidized forms and do not carry electrons.
  • In which stages is NAD+ reduced to NADH?
    NAD+ is reduced in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle.
  • In which stage is FAD reduced to FADH2?
    FAD is reduced to FADH2 in the Krebs cycle.
  • Where are NADH and FADH2 oxidized back to NAD+ and FAD?
    NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the Electron Transport System.
  • What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?
    The net gain is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
  • What molecules are produced as waste during the transition reaction and Krebs cycle?
    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a waste product.