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Chapter 9 glycolysis

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  • What is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy. Glucose is oxidized to CO₂ and oxygen is reduced to H₂O.

  • What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

    1. Digestion (breakdown of polymers)
    2. Glycolysis (breakdown of sugars to Acetyl CoA)
    3. Complete Oxidation (Citric Acid Cycle & Oxidative Phosphorylation)

  • Where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?

    Occurs in the cytosol; converts 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

  • What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

    NAD⁺ acts as an electron acceptor, becoming reduced to NADH, which stores energy for ATP synthesis.

  • Define oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.

    Oxidation: loss of electrons.
    Reduction: gain of electrons.

  • What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

    Direct synthesis of ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate during glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

  • What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

    Uses 2 ATP molecules to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates to prepare for cleavage.

  • What is the committed regulatory step of glycolysis?

    Phosphofructokinase (PFK) transfers a phosphate from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate, producing fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

  • What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule?

    2 ATP (4 produced minus 2 used) and 2 NADH molecules.

  • Where does pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur?

    In the mitochondrial matrix.

  • What are the main products of the citric acid cycle?

    CO₂, small amounts of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, and reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH₂.

  • What is the role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

    Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen, creating a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP.

  • What is chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation?

    Movement of protons down their gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

  • How many ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule by cellular respiration?

    Up to 32 ATP molecules.

  • What is the function of dehydrogenase enzymes in cellular respiration?

    They catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms (electrons and protons) from substrates, transferring electrons to NAD⁺ or FAD.

  • Explain the significance of the electron donor and acceptor in redox reactions.

    The electron donor is oxidized (loses electrons), and the electron acceptor is reduced (gains electrons), driving energy release.

  • What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

    Transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose, forming glucose 6-phosphate and consuming 1 ATP.

  • What happens during the cleavage step of glycolysis?

    Aldolase splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon isomers: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

  • How is DHAP converted during glycolysis?

    Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into G3P, which continues through glycolysis.

  • What is the role of phosphoglycerokinase in glycolysis?

    Transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, producing ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

  • Describe the final step of glycolysis.

    Pyruvate kinase transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, producing ATP and pyruvate.