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Energy, Enzymes, & Cellular Work (Ch.5 Pt.2)

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is kinetic energy?

    Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, including thermal energy which is the random movement of atoms or molecules.

  • Define potential energy and chemical energy.

    Potential energy is stored energy based on location or structure. Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in chemical reactions.

  • State the first law of thermodynamics.

    Energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed; it is conserved.

  • What does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy transformations?

    Energy transfers increase disorder (entropy), and some energy is lost as heat.

  • Differentiate between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

    Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require energy input.

  • How does ATP function as the cell's energy currency?

    ATP stores and releases energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions.

  • What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?

    Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.

  • How do enzymes affect activation energy?

    Enzymes lower the activation energy, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • What is an enzyme's active site?

    The active site is the specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

  • Explain the induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction.

    The active site changes shape slightly to better fit the substrate, stressing bonds and lowering activation energy.

  • What factors affect enzyme activity?

    Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and presence of cofactors or inhibitors affect enzyme effectiveness.

  • What happens to enzyme activity at high temperatures?

    High temperatures can denature enzymes, changing their 3D shape and rendering them inactive.

  • Define competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors.

    Competitive inhibitors block the active site; non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere, changing enzyme shape.

  • What is feedback inhibition?

    Feedback inhibition occurs when the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme to regulate the pathway.

  • Why don't cellular macromolecules spontaneously break down despite high potential energy?

    Because of the activation energy barrier that prevents spontaneous reactions without enzymes.

  • How does substrate concentration influence enzyme activity?

    Increasing substrate concentration increases reaction rate until enzymes become saturated.

  • What are cofactors and coenzymes?

    Cofactors are inorganic ions; coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzyme function.

  • Give an example of an enzyme inhibitor used as an antibiotic.

    Penicillin blocks the active site of bacterial enzymes needed for cell wall synthesis, killing bacteria.

  • How is energy converted during cellular respiration?

    Energy from glucose is converted into ATP, which powers cellular work, with some energy lost as heat.

  • What is the role of ATP hydrolysis in cellular work?

    ATP hydrolysis releases energy by breaking phosphate bonds, driving endergonic cellular processes.