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Functional Groups in General Biology

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  • Hydroxyl group

    Structure: O—H attached to R group.
    Property: Polar.

  • Methyl group

    Structure: R—CH\(_3\).
    Property: Nonpolar.

  • Carbonyl group

    Structure: R—C=O—R'.
    Property: Polar.

  • Carboxyl group

    Structure: R—C=O—OH.
    Property: Charged, ionizes to release H\(^+\). Considered acidic.

  • Amino group

    Structure: R—N—H (with one H attached to N).
    Property: Charged, accepts H\(^+\) to form NH\(_3^+\). Considered basic.

  • Phosphate group

    Structure: R—O—P(=O)(OH)(OH).
    Property: Charged, ionizes to release H\(^+\). Considered acidic.