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Gene Expression in General Biology

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  • What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

    The unidirectional flow of biochemical information from DNA to RNA to protein.

  • What are the two main processes in gene expression?

    Transcription: DNA is used to build RNA.
    Translation: RNA is used to build proteins.

  • What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and synthesizes RNA by polymerizing nucleotides from scratch without a primer.

  • What are the promoter and terminator in a gene?

    Promoter: DNA sequence where transcription starts.
    Terminator: DNA sequence where transcription ends.

  • What is the difference between the coding strand and template strand of DNA?

    The coding strand has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (with T replaced by U). The template strand is used by RNA polymerase to build RNA.

  • What are the three main steps of transcription?

    1) Initiation: RNA polymerase binds promoter.
    2) Elongation: RNA strand is synthesized.
    3) Termination: RNA transcript is released.

  • What modifications occur during eukaryotic RNA processing?

    Addition of a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail to pre-mRNA to protect it and facilitate export and translation.

  • What is RNA splicing?

    Removal of noncoding introns from pre-mRNA and joining of coding exons to form mature mRNA.

  • What are the three major types of RNA and their functions?

    mRNA: carries genetic code for proteins.
    rRNA: forms ribosome structure.
    tRNA: transfers amino acids during translation.

  • How is the genetic code used to translate mRNA into protein?

    mRNA codons (triplets) correspond to specific amino acids or stop signals, decoded by tRNA anticodons during translation.

  • What are the three tRNA binding sites on a ribosome?

    A-site: holds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA.
    P-site: holds tRNA with growing polypeptide.
    E-site: exit site for discharged tRNA.

  • What are the three main steps of translation?

    1) Initiation: ribosome assembles on mRNA.
    2) Elongation: amino acids added to polypeptide.
    3) Termination: release factor binds stop codon and polypeptide is released.

  • What is the start codon and which amino acid does it code for?

    The start codon is AUG, which codes for Methionine (Met).

  • What is a post-translational modification (PTM)?

    Covalent changes to proteins after translation, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, that regulate protein function.

  • What is a mutation in genetics?

    A permanent change in the DNA sequence that can affect gene expression and protein function.

  • What is the difference between introns and exons?

    Introns are noncoding regions removed during RNA splicing.
    Exons are coding regions that remain in mature mRNA.

  • What is the function of the spliceosome?

    A complex of RNA and proteins that removes introns from pre-mRNA during splicing.

  • How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?

    It allows a single gene to produce multiple different mRNA and protein variants.

  • What is the role of tRNA anticodons?

    They are complementary to mRNA codons and ensure the correct amino acid is added during translation.

  • How do mutations affect proteins?

    Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral by altering the amino acid sequence and protein function.