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General Biology: A Tour of the Cell

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What is the primary function of a microscope?
    A microscope is an optical instrument used to visualize objects too small to be seen by the naked eye, such as cells.
  • Name the two main types of microscopes and their light sources.
    1) Light microscopes use visible light to magnify small objects. 2) Electron microscopes use electron beams for higher magnification.
  • What are the two types of electron microscopes and their uses?
    Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) visualizes cell surfaces. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) visualizes internal cell structures.
  • What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
    Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes?
    Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains classified as prokaryotes.
  • Where is bacterial DNA located and what is its shape?
    Bacterial DNA is circular and found in a region called the nucleoid.
  • What are the size differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
    Prokaryotes have small 70S ribosomes, while eukaryotes have larger 80S ribosomes.
  • How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells divide?
    Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis and cytokinesis.
  • What is the function of ribosomes?
    Ribosomes are molecular machines that build proteins in all living cells.
  • What are the two forms of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
    Ribosomes can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • What is the endomembrane system?
    A group of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells interconnected by vesicles, involved in protein secretion and cellular digestion.
  • What is the role of the nucleus in protein secretion?
    The nucleus stores DNA, the genetic code for proteins, and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope with pores allowing RNA to exit.
  • What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?
    Rough ER has ribosomes and folds/modifies proteins. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs.
  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
    The Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the ER for transport or secretion.
  • What organelles are involved in cellular digestion?
    Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down debris, and peroxisomes break down toxic compounds and fatty acids.
  • What is the central vacuole and its function in plant cells?
    A large membrane-bound vesicle that degrades molecules and maintains turgor pressure by filling with water.
  • What is the main function of mitochondria?
    Mitochondria synthesize ATP, the high-energy molecule that powers cellular reactions, through cellular respiration.
  • Describe the structure of mitochondria.
    Mitochondria have two membranes: an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae, with a matrix containing DNA and enzymes.
  • What is the function of chloroplasts?
    Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, using sunlight to synthesize sugars in plant cells.
  • What structures are found inside chloroplasts?
    Chloroplasts contain double membranes, thylakoids (flattened sacs), stacks called grana, and the stroma with DNA and enzymes.
  • What does the endosymbiotic theory propose?
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, forming a symbiotic relationship.
  • What are the three major components of the cytoskeleton?
    Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules, which provide structure, transport, and cell movement.
  • What cellular structures are made of microtubules and aid in movement?
    Cilia (short, hair-like) and flagella (long, whip-like) are made of microtubules and enable cell movement.
  • What are the three main types of cell junctions in animal cells?
    Tight junctions (seal cells), desmosomes (anchor cells), and gap junctions (allow ion passage).
  • Which cell junctions are unique to plant cells?
    Plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.