뒤로General Biology: Basic Chemistry and Macromolecules
02:13
이 집합의 용어 (31)
anything that occupies space and has mass.
substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means.
Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N); they make up 96% of living matter.
essential for life but required in extremely minute quantities, such as Iron and Iodine.
substances containing two or more different elements in a fixed ratio, exhibiting emergent properties.
positively charged subatomic particles located in the atom's nucleus.
neutrally charged particles located in the atom's nucleus.
negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells.
the number of protons in an atom and defines the element.
the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy; used as biological tracers.
the strongest chemical bonds, formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
share electrons equally between atoms of similar electronegativity.
share electrons unequally due to differences in electronegativity, creating partial charges.
form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating attracted opposite ions.
weak attractions between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom of another molecule.
the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together, creating surface tension.
the clinging of one substance to another, assisting water transport against gravity in plants.
water's ability to resist temperature changes by absorbing heat to break hydrogen bonds before molecules move faster.
the cooling of a liquid surface when the hottest molecules leave as a gas during evaporation.
expands as it freezes, making it less dense than liquid water due to a spacious crystalline lattice.
a universal solvent because its polarity allows it to dissolve polar compounds and ionic substances easily.
ranges from 0 to 14 and measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
donate H+ ions to a solution and have a pH less than 7.
reduce H+ concentration, often by donating OH-, and have a pH greater than 7.
occurs when [H+] = [OH-], such as in pure water, with a pH of exactly 7.
minimize pH changes by accepting excess H+ when acidic and donating H+ when basic.
has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four covalent bonds and complex skeletons.
are organic molecules composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.
specific atom groupings attached to carbon skeletons that give organic molecules unique properties.