뒤로General Biology: Cell Biology, Metabolism, Respiration, and Photosynthesis
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The cell is the basic unit of life in all living organisms.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
Enzymes act as biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions without being consumed.
Activation energy is the energy required to start a chemical reaction.
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for reactions, making them proceed faster.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain are the main stages of cellular respiration.
Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows cells to produce energy without oxygen, producing byproducts like lactic acid or alcohol.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
The light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) are the two main stages.
Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier molecule in cells.
ATP is produced mainly during the electron transport chain by chemiosmosis.
NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain to help produce ATP.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not and often produces less ATP.
Photosynthesis produces oxygen and organic molecules that are the basis of the food chain.