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General Biology: Cell Structure and Function

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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
    Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and have DNA in a nucleoid region; eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA.
  • Cell Membrane Composition
    The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, embedded with proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and cholesterol.
  • Surface-to-Volume Ratio Importance
    Cells have a high surface-to-volume ratio to maximize exchange of materials across the membrane for efficient metabolism.
  • Phospholipid Structure
    Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, forming bilayers in aqueous environments.
  • Amino Acid R Groups
    Amino acid R groups determine polarity: hydrophobic (e.g., leucine), hydrophilic (e.g., serine, aspartic acid).
  • Fluid Mosaic Model
    Describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins moving laterally within the phospholipid bilayer.
  • Nucleus Function
    The nucleus stores genetic information (DNA) and controls protein synthesis via transcription to RNA.
  • Ribosome Role
    Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA; they are not membrane-bound.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Types
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium.
  • Golgi Apparatus Function
    Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins received from the ER; has a cis (receiving) and trans (shipping) face.
  • Lysosome Function
    Membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules and damaged organelles.
  • Vacuole Types
    Large vesicles for food storage, contractile function, or storage of organic molecules.
  • Mitochondria Role
    Site of catabolic metabolism; breaks down molecules to generate ATP.
  • Chloroplast Role
    Site of anabolic metabolism; converts light energy into chemical energy (sugar) via photosynthesis.
  • Peroxisome Function
    Contains enzymes that detoxify hydrogen peroxide and metabolize long-chain fatty acids; not part of the endomembrane system.
  • Cytoskeleton Components
    Includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments providing structure, transport, and motility.
  • Microtubules
    Thick, hollow tubes made of tubulin; provide tracks for organelle movement and form cilia and flagella.
  • Microfilaments
    Thin fibers made of actin; support cell shape and enable muscle contraction and amoeboid movement.
  • Intermediate Filaments
    Fibrous proteins forming permanent cables that reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles.
  • Cell Junctions in Animals
    Tight junctions seal cells, anchoring junctions connect cells via intermediate filaments, gap junctions allow molecule passage.
  • Plant Cell Wall Composition
    Made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins; provides protection and structure.
  • Plasmodesmata
    Channels between plant cells that allow water, nutrients, and chemical signals to pass.
  • Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
    DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein.
  • Endomembrane System
    Network of membranes including ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles that regulate protein traffic and metabolism.