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General Biology: Cell Structure and Function

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  • Differences between light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope

    Light microscopes use light to magnify up to ~1000x; scanning electron microscopes (SEM) provide 3D surface images with high resolution; transmission electron microscopes (TEM) show internal cell structures with very high resolution but require thin samples.

  • Difference between magnification and resolution

    Magnification is how much larger an image appears; resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate.

  • What is the cell theory?

    All living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

  • Why are cells small in size?

    Cells are small to maintain a high surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient nutrient uptake and waste removal.

  • Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

    Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.

  • Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm

    Cytosol is the fluid inside the cell; cytoplasm includes cytosol plus all organelles except the nucleus.

  • What are chromosomes and chromatin? Where are they found?

    Chromosomes are condensed DNA structures; chromatin is uncondensed DNA-protein complex; both are found in the nucleus.

  • What are ribosomes and their functions? Where are they found?

    Ribosomes synthesize proteins; found free in cytosol or attached to rough ER.

  • Purpose of the prokaryotic cell wall

    Provides shape, protection, and prevents bursting in hypotonic environments.

  • Four basic functions of eukaryotic cell structures and organelles

    1. Genetic control, 2. Manufacture/Distribution/Breakdown of molecules, 3. Energy processing, 4. Structural support, movement, and communication.

  • Which structures partition eukaryotic cells into compartments?

    Membranes and membrane-bound organelles partition eukaryotic cells into compartments.

  • Organelles unique to animal cells, plant cells, and common to both

    Animal cells have lysosomes and centrosomes; plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls, and central vacuoles; both have nucleus, ER, Golgi, mitochondria.

  • Functions of the nucleus and its surrounding structures

    The nucleus stores DNA and controls cell activities; surrounded by nuclear envelope; nucleolus produces ribosomal RNA.

  • What is the endomembrane system and which organelles comprise it?

    A network of membranes including nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane involved in synthesis and transport.

  • Difference between rough ER and smooth ER

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.

  • Functions of the Golgi apparatus

    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

  • What is a lysosome and its function?

    Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules and recycle cellular components.

  • What is a vacuole and its functions?

    Vacuoles store nutrients, waste products, and help maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

  • What is a peroxisome and its function?

    Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances using enzymes.

  • What is a mitochondrion and its functions? What is cristae?

    Mitochondria generate ATP via cellular respiration; cristae are folds of the inner membrane that increase surface area.

  • What are chloroplasts and their key structures?

    Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis; key structures include thylakoids, grana, and stroma.

  • What is the endosymbiont theory?

    States mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes.

  • What is the cytoskeleton and its components?

    The cytoskeleton provides structure and movement; includes microtubules (largest), intermediate filaments, and microfilaments (smallest).

  • What is a centrosome?

    A centrosome organizes microtubules and is important in cell division.

  • Differences and similarities between flagella and cilia

    Both have a 9+2 microtubule pattern; flagella are longer and fewer, cilia are shorter and numerous; both aid in movement.

  • What is the “9+2” pattern?

    A microtubule arrangement with 9 pairs surrounding 2 central microtubules found in cilia and flagella.

  • What are dynein feet?

    Motor proteins that cause bending of cilia and flagella by walking along microtubules.

  • Functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrins

    ECM provides structural support and signaling; integrins are proteins that connect ECM to the cytoskeleton.

  • Differences between tight junctions, anchoring junctions, and gap junctions

    Tight junctions seal cells; anchoring junctions attach cells; gap junctions allow communication via channels.

  • Purpose of the plant cell wall and plasmodesmata

    Cell wall provides protection and support; plasmodesmata are channels for communication between plant cells.

  • Animal cell structure similar to plasmodesmata

    Gap junctions in animal cells serve a similar communication role as plasmodesmata in plants.