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General Biology: Cell Structure, Membranes, and Metabolism

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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells

    Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  • Organelles that synthesize proteins

    Ribosomes and the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins.

  • Organelles containing DNA

    Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts contain DNA.

  • Function of the nuclear envelope

    The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

  • Phospholipid bilayer structure

    Composed of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward.

  • Role of cholesterol in membranes

    Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity by preventing tight packing of phospholipids.

  • Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are straight; unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds causing kinks, affecting membrane fluidity.

  • Carrier protein function in plasma membrane

    Carrier proteins transport specific molecules across the membrane by changing shape.

  • Diffusion, active, and passive transport

    Diffusion is movement down concentration gradient; passive transport requires no energy; active transport requires energy to move molecules against gradient.

  • Facilitated diffusion

    Passive transport of molecules across membranes via specific channel or carrier proteins.

  • Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions

    Isotonic: equal solute concentration; hypertonic: higher solute outside; hypotonic: lower solute outside.

  • Turgid vs flaccid cells

    Turgid cells are swollen with water (hypotonic); flaccid cells are limp due to water loss (hypertonic).

  • Membrane potential

    Voltage difference across membrane affecting ion transport and cell function.

  • Channel proteins, carrier proteins, aquaporins, active transport pumps

    Channel proteins form pores; carrier proteins change shape; aquaporins transport water; active pumps use energy to move ions.

  • Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

    Types of endocytosis: phagocytosis engulfs particles; pinocytosis takes in fluids; receptor-mediated uses receptors for specific uptake.

  • Catabolism vs anabolism

    Catabolism breaks down molecules releasing energy; anabolism builds molecules requiring energy.

  • 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics in biology

    1st law: energy conserved; 2nd law: entropy increases. Organisms transform energy but total energy remains constant.

  • Potential and kinetic energy in living organisms

    Potential energy is stored energy; kinetic energy is energy of motion, e.g., chemical bonds and metabolism.

  • Metabolism definition

    Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

  • Exergonic vs endergonic reactions

    Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic require energy input.

  • Coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions

    Energy from exergonic reactions drives endergonic reactions, making processes efficient and possible.

  • Enzymes and metabolic reactions

    Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy barriers.