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General Biology: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Pathways

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  • Reactants and products of glycolysis

    Reactants: Glucose, NAD+, ADP + Pi
    Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 net ATP

  • Reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation

    Reactants: 2 pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A
    Products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

  • Reactants and products of the citric acid cycle (2 turns)

    Reactants: 2 acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP + Pi, coenzyme A
    Products: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

  • Reactants and products of oxidative phosphorylation

    Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP + Pi
    Products: About 28 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD

  • Reactants and products of lactate fermentation

    Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
    Products: 2 lactate, 2 NAD+

  • Reactants and products of alcohol fermentation

    Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
    Products: 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 2 NAD+

  • Reactants and products of light reactions in photosynthesis

    Reactants: Light, H2O, NADP+, ADP + Pi
    Products: O2, ATP, NADPH

  • Reactants and products of the Calvin cycle (1 net G3P)

    Reactants: 3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
    Products: 1 G3P, ADP, NADP+, Pi

  • What is photorespiration?

    Process where O2 and ATP react with carbon compounds, releasing CO2 and reducing sugar yield.

  • Net ATP yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule

    2 net ATP are produced per glucose molecule during glycolysis.

  • Total CO2 released during pyruvate oxidation per glucose

    2 CO2 molecules are released per glucose during pyruvate oxidation (1 per pyruvate).

  • Total ATP produced in the citric acid cycle per glucose

    2 ATP are produced per glucose molecule during the citric acid cycle (2 turns).

  • Approximate ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation per glucose

    About 28 ATP are produced per glucose molecule during oxidative phosphorylation.

  • Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration

    NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

  • Purpose of coenzyme A in pyruvate oxidation

    Coenzyme A binds acetyl groups to form acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.

  • Main products of the light reactions used in the Calvin cycle

    ATP and NADPH produced in light reactions are used as energy and reducing power in the Calvin cycle.

  • What is G3P in photosynthesis?

    G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the 3-carbon sugar produced as the net output of the Calvin cycle.

  • Why does photorespiration reduce sugar yield?

    Photorespiration consumes O2 and ATP, releasing CO2, which decreases the efficiency of sugar production.

  • Difference between lactate and alcohol fermentation products

    Lactate fermentation produces lactate; alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and CO2.

  • Overall purpose of cellular respiration

    To convert glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP through a series of metabolic pathways.