뒤로General Biology: Chemistry of Life
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이 집합의 용어 (28)
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element.
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further; compounds are made of two or more elements chemically combined.
Atoms rearrange to form new substances; reactants are transformed into products without atoms being created or destroyed.
The number of protons in the nucleus, called the atomic number.
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.
A chemical bond formed when one atom donates electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.
A chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to become stable.
Polar bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges; nonpolar bonds share electrons equally.
Oxygen pulls electrons more strongly than hydrogen, creating a molecule with a slightly negative oxygen end and slightly positive hydrogen ends.
Attraction between the positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the negative oxygen of another, forming a network of bonds.
Water's polarity allows it to surround and separate charged particles, dissolving substances like salt.
A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity.
0-6 acidic (high H+), 7 neutral, 8-14 basic (low H+).
Molecules that absorb or release H+ ions to maintain stable pH in biological systems.
Carbon can form four strong bonds, allowing it to build diverse and complex organic molecules.
Specific clusters of atoms attached to carbon skeletons that determine the properties and reactions of organic molecules.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
A chemical reaction that links monomers into polymers by removing water.
A chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.
Simple sugars that are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
Fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains, used for long-term energy storage.
Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid.
Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
By lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
The specific region where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
Molecules that bind to enzymes and prevent them from catalyzing reactions.