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General Biology: Diversity of Fungi and Animals

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  • Major characteristics of fungi

    Fungi are heterotrophic, use absorptive nutrition, are sessile, usually multicellular, have cell walls made of chitin, and bodies made of mycelium.

  • Fungi and animals shared characteristics

    Both fungi and animals belong to Opisthokonta and share traits like heterotrophy and certain molecular features.

  • Fungi life cycle stages

    Fungi alternate between haploid and diploid stages, with most of the life cycle spent in the haploid phase.

  • Fungi body structure and growth

    Fungi bodies consist of hyphae forming a mycelium; growth occurs at hyphal tips responsible for nutrient absorption and reproduction.

  • Ecological roles of fungi

    Fungi act as decomposers, form mycorrhizal associations, act as pathogens, form lichens with algae, and have biotechnological applications.

  • Hyphal tip growth mechanism

    Fungi grow by extending their hyphal tips through localized cell wall synthesis and cytoplasmic expansion.

  • Definitions: hyphae, mycelium, yeast, mycorrhizae

    Hyphae: fungal filaments; mycelium: network of hyphae; yeast: unicellular fungi; mycorrhizae: symbiotic fungi-root associations.

  • Major characteristics of animals

    Animals are heterotrophic, multicellular, lack cell walls, usually have nerves and muscles, and can move.

  • Cambrian Period and animal diversity

    The Cambrian Period saw a rapid increase in animal diversity due to new ecological niches and evolutionary innovations.

  • Bilateral symmetry advantage

    Bilateral symmetry allows for directional movement and more active lifestyles in animals.

  • Diploblastic vs. triploblastic animals

    Diploblastic animals have two germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm); triploblastic have three (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

  • Animal gametic life cycle

    Animals mostly reproduce sexually with a gametic life cycle, where gametes are the only haploid stage.

  • Protostome vs. deuterostome development

    Protostomes: blastopore becomes mouth; deuterostomes: blastopore becomes anus; differ in cleavage and coelom formation.

  • Definitions: tissue, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry

    Tissue: group of similar cells; bilateral symmetry: single plane divides body into mirror halves; radial symmetry: multiple planes.

  • Phylogenetic relationships of major animal groups

    Animal groups evolved key traits like tissues, bilateral symmetry, protostome/deuterostome development, ecdysis, and lophotrochozoan features.

  • Characteristics of Porifera and Cnidaria

    Porifera: sponges, filter feeders with choanocytes; Cnidaria: radial symmetry, cnidocytes, polyp and medusa forms.

  • Definitions: choanocyte, amoebocyte, polyp, medusa

    Choanocyte: collar cell in sponges; amoebocyte: mobile cell; polyp: sessile cnidarian form; medusa: free-swimming form.

  • Major vertebrate clades and adaptations

    Vertebrates include jawless fishes, gnathostomes, amphibians, amniotes, mammals, with adaptations like jaws, lungs, limbs, amniotic egg, and hair.

  • Adaptations for tetrapods on land

    Tetrapods evolved structural support, new locomotion methods, and air-breathing adaptations to live on land.

  • Amniote adaptations for dry environments

    Amniotes have amniotic eggs, internal fertilization, desiccation-resistant skin, and thoracic breathing to thrive on land.

  • Characteristics of main reptile groups

    Turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds have distinct traits adapted to their environments and lifestyles.

  • Mammal groups and traits

    Monotremes lay eggs; marsupials have pouches; eutherians have complex placentas and longer development.

  • Primate characteristics and groups

    Primates have grasping hands and large brains; groups include anthropoids, monkeys, apes, humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.

  • Human evolution key points

    Humans evolved bipedalism; genera Australopithecus and Homo show key traits; multiple Homo species overlapped in time and originated in Africa.

  • Chordate defining characteristics

    Chordates have a notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail; groups include cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates.

  • Definitions: notochord, pharyngeal slits, amniotic egg

    Notochord: flexible rod; pharyngeal slits: openings in throat; amniotic egg: egg with protective membranes for land reproduction.