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General Biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • In which direction is DNA synthesized?
    DNA is always synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
  • What amino acid is coded by the codon AAG?
    The codon AAG codes for the amino acid Lysine.
  • What is a missense mutation?
    A missense mutation is a nucleotide change that results in a different amino acid being coded.
  • Which strand serves as the template for RNA transcription?
    The template strand of DNA is used to synthesize the RNA transcript.
  • In which direction is RNA transcribed?
    RNA is transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction, complementary to the template strand.
  • What is a nonsense mutation?
    A nonsense mutation changes a codon to a stop codon, terminating translation prematurely.
  • Are promoter and terminator sequences transcribed?
    The promoter is not transcribed; the terminator sequence is transcribed as part of the RNA.
  • What parts of the gene are transcribed?
    Introns and exons within the RNA-coding region are transcribed; 5’ cap and 3’ poly(A) tail are added post-transcriptionally.
  • What is the function of the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail?
    They protect RNA from degradation and assist in translation initiation.
  • What composes the transcription unit?
    The transcription unit consists of the promoter, RNA-coding region, and terminator.
  • What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotes?
    The sigma factor allows RNA polymerase to bind the transcription promoter.
  • Where does transcription and RNA processing occur in eukaryotes?
    Both transcription and RNA processing occur in the nucleus.
  • What amino acid does the start codon code for?
    The start codon codes for Methionine.
  • What is degeneracy in the genetic code?
    Degeneracy means different mRNA codons can code for the same amino acid.
  • What is the order of tRNA movement through the ribosome?
    tRNA moves through the ribosome in the order: A site, P site, E site.
  • What does tRNA charging refer to?
    tRNA charging is the attachment of the appropriate amino acid to tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
  • What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
    A sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that helps assemble the ribosome.
  • Where is the growing protein chain attached in the ribosome?
    The growing protein chain is attached to tRNA in the P site.
  • What is the correct order of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
    The order is G1, S, G2, M.
  • What are sister chromatids?
    Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication in S phase.
  • What is trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) an example of?
    It is an example of aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes.
  • What are homologous chromosomes?
    Homologous chromosomes are similar but non-identical, one inherited from each parent.
  • What type of DNA replication occurs?
    DNA replication is semi-conservative, each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.
  • Which enzyme separates double-stranded DNA during replication?
    Helicase opens the replication bubble by separating DNA strands.
  • Which enzyme relieves supercoiling tension during replication?
    Topoisomerase relieves supercoiling tension as the replication bubble opens.
  • What are repetitive structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes called?
    They are called telomeres.
  • How many chromosomes are in a Tasmanian devil cell at metaphase of mitosis if 2n=14?
    There are 14 chromosomes at metaphase.
  • What roles do microtubules and microfilaments play?
    Microtubules are important in mitosis, microfilaments in cytokinesis.
  • What is the correct order of mitosis phases?
    The order is prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
  • How many chromosomes and chromatids are in a 2n=10 cell during anaphase of mitosis?
    There are 20 chromosomes and 20 chromatids during anaphase.