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General Biology: Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is the basic building block of living organisms?
    The cell is the basic building block of living organisms.
  • What is an organelle?
    An organelle is a membrane-bound body with a substantial lifetime in the cell, relatively permanent.
  • What is the primary role of the nucleus?
    The nucleus stores DNA and transcribes it into RNA, which is used for protein synthesis.
  • What is the function of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)?
    NPC stabilizes the nuclear envelope pore and allows passive diffusion of molecules smaller than ~40 kDa; larger molecules require specialized transport.
  • What are the main roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
    ER is responsible for protein synthesis (secreted and membrane-bound), lipid biosynthesis, and Ca++ storage.
  • What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?
    Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism and Ca++ storage.
  • What is the major function of the Golgi apparatus?
    The Golgi apparatus processes proteins destined for the cell membrane or secretion.
  • What are the main roles of mitochondria?
    Mitochondria generate NADH and ATP and are involved in apoptosis.
  • What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
    The cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules (tubulin).
  • What is the role of microfilaments?
    Microfilaments, made of actin, provide structural support and are involved in cell movement.
  • What is the role of intermediate filaments?
    Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help maintain cell shape.
  • What is the role of microtubules?
    Microtubules, composed of tubulin, are dynamic structures involved in intracellular transport and cell division.
  • What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
    The ECM is a network of proteins like collagen and fibronectin outside the cell that provides structural support and mediates cell signaling.
  • What is the primary component of plant cell walls?
    Cellulose is the most characteristic component found in all plant cell walls.
  • What is the approximate width of a eukaryotic cell?
    A eukaryotic cell is roughly 10-100 micrometers wide.
  • What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
    Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA sequences into amino acid chains.
  • What is the role of the plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and facilitates communication.
  • What is apoptosis?
    Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a process mitochondria help regulate.
  • What is the difference between passive diffusion and specialized nuclear transport?
    Passive diffusion allows small molecules (<40 kDa) to cross the nuclear pore; larger molecules require active, specialized transport.
  • What is the role of the Golgi apparatus 'cis' and 'trans' faces?
    The 'cis' face receives proteins from the ER; the 'trans' face ships processed proteins to their destinations.