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General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide

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이 집합의 용어 (35)

  • Properties of living organisms
    Living organisms have properties such as growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis, and cellular organization.
  • Relationship between structure and function in living things
    The structure of a biological component is closely related to its function, meaning form fits function.
  • Smallest unit of life
    The cell is the smallest unit of life capable of performing all life functions.
  • Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.
  • Three domains of life
    The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya; animals and plants belong to Eukarya.
  • Four elements making up 96% of living matter
    Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter.
  • Trace elements examples
    Examples of trace elements include iron (Fe) and iodine (I).
  • Element vs compound
    An element is a pure substance of one type of atom; a compound is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined.
  • Subatomic particles and their properties
    Protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge) make up atoms.
  • Atomic number vs mass number
    Atomic number is the number of protons; mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
  • Isotopes similarity and difference
    Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
  • Nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds
    Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally; polar covalent bonds share unequally; ionic bonds transfer electrons.
  • Single vs double bonds
    Single bonds share one pair of electrons; double bonds share two pairs.
  • Hydrogen bonds vs van der Waals interactions
    Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules; van der Waals are weak, transient attractions due to electron fluctuations.
  • Polarity of molecules
    Molecules with uneven electron distribution are polar; those with even distribution are nonpolar.
  • Determining ion charge in compounds
    Ion charge is based on the loss or gain of electrons relative to protons.
  • Water molecule polarity and hydrogen bonding
    Water is polar due to unequal electron sharing; each molecule can hydrogen bond with up to four neighbors.
  • Four emergent properties of water from hydrogen bonding
    Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and ice floating are emergent properties of water.
  • pH scale and acids/bases
    pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; acids increase H+ concentration, bases decrease it.
  • Organic compounds and common elements
    Organic compounds contain carbon and usually hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • Carbon skeleton variation
    Carbon skeletons vary in length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings.
  • Hydrocarbon structure and hydrophobicity
    Hydrocarbons consist of carbon and hydrogen; they are hydrophobic due to nonpolarity.
  • Cis and trans isomers
    Double bonds between carbons can create cis (same side) or trans (opposite side) isomers.
  • Functional groups to know
    Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl groups are key functional groups.
  • ATP structure and function
    ATP has adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; it stores and transfers energy.
  • Four major macromolecule classes
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecule classes.
  • Monomers and polymers
    Monomers are single units; polymers are chains of monomers linked by dehydration reactions.
  • Enzyme function
    Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
  • Saturated vs unsaturated fats
    Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
  • Phospholipid bilayer formation
    Phospholipids form bilayers in water due to hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • Protein vs polypeptide
    A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids; a protein is a functional folded polypeptide.
  • Four components of an amino acid
    Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and variable R group.
  • Levels of protein structure
    Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures define protein shape.
  • Nucleotide components
    A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
  • DNA vs RNA differences
    DNA has deoxyribose sugar and thymine; RNA has ribose sugar and uracil.