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General Biology: How Populations Evolve

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What is evolution defined as in biology?
    Evolution is the change in allele frequencies within a population over time.
  • Define a population in biological terms.
    A population is a group of all members of a specific species living in a defined geographical area and capable of interbreeding.
  • What is a gene pool?
    The gene pool is the total sum of all the alleles of all the genes in a specific population.
  • What does allele frequency represent?
    Allele frequency is the relative proportion of each specific allele of a gene within the gene pool.
  • Explain the relationship between genotype, environment, and phenotype.
    An organism’s genotype interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype, its observable physical and behavioral traits.
  • What is the Hardy–Weinberg principle?
    A mathematical model of a non-evolving population where allele frequencies remain constant if five conditions are met.
  • List the five conditions required for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
    1. No mutations, 2. No gene flow, 3. Large population size, 4. Random mating, 5. No natural selection.
  • Why is the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium important?
    It serves as a theoretical baseline to identify which evolutionary forces are acting on a real population.
  • What is mutation in evolutionary terms?
    Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variability; spontaneous, unrepaired changes in DNA.
  • Define gene flow.
    Gene flow is the movement of alleles between separate populations, making populations more genetically similar over time.
  • What is genetic drift?
    Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies due to random chance events, especially impactful in small populations.
  • Describe a population bottleneck.
    A bottleneck occurs when a natural catastrophe or overhunting drastically reduces population size, causing loss of genetic variability.
  • What is the founder effect?
    When a small number of individuals establish a new isolated population, the gene pool is limited to the founders' alleles.
  • How does low genetic diversity affect a population?
    Low genetic diversity reduces the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes, increasing extinction risk.
  • Why do influenza vaccines need to be updated annually?
    Influenza viruses undergo rapid mutation, changing their gene pool and surface proteins each year.
  • What is natural selection?
    Natural selection is a non-random process that filters phenotypic variation, favoring traits that increase reproductive success.
  • Define fitness in evolutionary biology.
    Fitness is the relative measure of an individual's reproductive success compared to others.
  • What are adaptations?
    Adaptations are phenotypes that enhance survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
  • Name two types of agents of selection.
    Abiotic factors (climate, soil, water) and biotic factors (competition, predation).
  • What is coevolution?
    A feedback loop where two species act as mutual agents of selection, evolving in response to each other.
  • Explain sexual selection.
    Sexual selection favors traits that increase success in acquiring mates, including dominance and ornamental traits.
  • What is directional selection?
    Selection that shifts traits in one direction, favoring individuals with one extreme phenotype.
  • What is stabilizing selection?
    Selection that acts against extremes and favors the average phenotype, maintaining the status quo.
  • What is disruptive selection?
    Selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average phenotype.
  • Predict the effect of directional selection on a trait like height.
    The population's trait distribution shifts toward the favored extreme, e.g., taller individuals become more common.
  • Predict the effect of stabilizing selection on a trait like height.
    The population's trait distribution narrows, favoring intermediate heights and reducing extremes.
  • Predict the effect of disruptive selection on a trait like height.
    The population's trait distribution becomes bimodal, favoring both very short and very tall individuals.