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General Biology: Introduction to Metabolism

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이 집합의 용어 (26)

  • Energy
    Energy is the ability to perform work, which in biology means causing an overall change or transfer of energy.
  • Potential Energy
    Potential energy is stored energy available to do work, such as chemical energy in bonds.
  • Kinetic Energy
    Kinetic energy is energy of motion, like moving objects or muscle contractions.
  • Thermodynamics
    The study of energy transfers between systems and surroundings, where a system is the matter under study and surroundings is everything else.
  • First Law of Thermodynamics
    Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed; total energy in the universe is constant.
  • Entropy
    A measure of disorder or randomness; higher disorder means higher entropy. Natural reactions tend to increase universal entropy.
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics
    Energy transfer is never 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat, increasing the entropy of the universe.
  • Chemical Reaction
    Process involving the making and breaking of chemical bonds, converting reactants into products.
  • Endergonic Reaction
    A reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed (energy enters the reaction).
  • Exergonic Reaction
    A reaction that releases energy as it proceeds (energy exits the reaction).
  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
    A high-energy molecule composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; powers cellular activities.
  • ATP Hydrolysis
    The process of breaking bonds between phosphate groups in ATP, releasing energy and producing ADP.
  • Energy Coupling
    Using energy released from an exergonic reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) to drive an endergonic reaction.
  • Phosphorylation
    The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, often activating or changing the target molecule.
  • Enzyme
    A molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed.
  • Substrate
    The reactant molecule that binds to an enzyme's active site for catalysis.
  • Activation Energy (EA)
    The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction by reaching the transition state.
  • How Enzymes Work
    Enzymes lower the activation energy barrier, allowing reactions to proceed faster and at lower temperatures.
  • Enzyme-Substrate Complex
    The temporary complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site.
  • Competitive Inhibition
    An inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding at the enzyme's active site, blocking substrate binding.
  • Noncompetitive Inhibition
    An inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing enzyme shape and reducing activity without blocking the active site.
  • Metabolism
    The total of an organism's chemical reactions, including metabolic pathways that alter substrates stepwise.
  • Catabolic Pathways
    Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones.
  • Anabolic Pathways
    Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones.
  • Negative Feedback
    When the final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step to regulate the pathway.
  • Positive Feedback
    When the final product of a metabolic pathway stimulates an earlier step, enhancing the pathway's activity.