뒤로General Biology Key Concepts
07:15
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Genetically inherited behaviors performed without prior experience, such as fixed action patterns triggered by a sign stimulus.
Kinesis is a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus; taxis is directional movement toward or away from a stimulus.
The maintenance of a stable internal physiological environment within narrow limits despite external changes.
A feedback loop that counteracts a change to return a system to its set point, e.g., thermoregulation or blood glucose control.
A feedback loop that amplifies a stimulus to drive a process to completion, such as oxytocin release during childbirth.
Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere represent hierarchical ecological levels.
Biotic factors are living components; abiotic factors are non-living physical and chemical elements in the environment.
Population growth without limits, described by \(\frac{dN}{dt} = rN\), where r is growth rate.
Population growth limited by carrying capacity K, described by \(\frac{dN}{dt} = rN \left(\frac{K-N}{K}\right)\).
Two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist indefinitely; one will exclude or partition resources.
Energy flows unidirectionally through trophic levels, with about 10% transferred and 90% lost as heat.
Covalent bonding of monomers with the loss of water (H2O), an anabolic and energy-requiring process.
Breaking covalent bonds between monomers by adding water, a catabolic process that releases energy.
Monomers are monosaccharides; polymers include disaccharides and polysaccharides like starch and cellulose.
Composed of a glycerol backbone, two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and a hydrophilic phosphate head; forms cell membrane bilayers.
Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (α-helices and β-sheets), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple subunits).
Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 3' hydroxyl and 5' phosphate groups.
Polar −OH group that forms hydrogen bonds, increasing solubility of organic molecules like sugars.
Acidic −COOH group that donates protons, important in amino acids and fatty acids.
Compounds with the same formula but different structures: structural, cis-trans (geometric), and enantiomers (mirror images).
Early life used abiotic organic molecules for energy before autotrophs evolved to produce their own food.
Simulated early Earth conditions and produced organic molecules like amino acids, supporting abiotic synthesis of life’s building blocks.
Water absorbs/releases large heat amounts before temperature changes, stabilizing climates and organism temperatures.
Membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol regulating fluidity and function.
Passive movement of small nonpolar molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer down their concentration gradient.
Passive transport of polar or charged molecules via specific channel or carrier proteins without energy use.
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
\(\Psi = \Psi_s + \Psi_p\), where Ψ is water potential, Ψs is solute potential, and Ψp is pressure potential.
Active transport using ATP to pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into animal cells, maintaining membrane potential.
Phagocytosis (engulfing solids), pinocytosis (fluid uptake), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific ligand uptake).